Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows sequencing of a high number of nucleotides in a short time frame at an affordable cost. While this technology has been widely implemented, there are no ...recommendations from scientific societies about its use in oncology practice. The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) is proposing three levels of recommendations for the use of NGS. Based on the current evidence, ESMO recommends routine use of NGS on tumour samples in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), prostate cancers, ovarian cancers and cholangiocarcinoma. In these tumours, large multigene panels could be used if they add acceptable extra cost compared with small panels. In colon cancers, NGS could be an alternative to PCR. In addition, based on the KN158 trial and considering that patients with endometrial and small-cell lung cancers should have broad access to anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD1) antibodies, it is recommended to test tumour mutational burden (TMB) in cervical cancers, well- and moderately-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours, salivary cancers, thyroid cancers and vulvar cancers, as TMB-high predicted response to pembrolizumab in these cancers.
Outside the indications of multigene panels, and considering that the use of large panels of genes could lead to few clinically meaningful responders, ESMO acknowledges that a patient and a doctor could decide together to order a large panel of genes, pending no extra cost for the public health care system and if the patient is informed about the low likelihood of benefit. ESMO recommends that the use of off-label drugs matched to genomics is done only if an access programme and a procedure of decision has been developed at the national or regional level. Finally, ESMO recommends that clinical research centres develop multigene sequencing as a tool to screen patients eligible for clinical trials and to accelerate drug development, and prospectively capture the data that could further inform how to optimise the use of this technology.
•ESMO recommends the use of tumour multigene NGS in NSCLC, cholangiocarcinoma, prostate and ovarian cancers.•It is recommended to test TMB in well- and moderately-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), cervical, salivary, thyroid and vulvar cancers.•Academic research centres should perform multigene NGS as part of their missions to enable access to innovative treatments.•A large panel of genes could be ordered, considering the benefit for the patient and the cost for the public health care system.
Access to biomolecular technologies has become an essential requirement to ensure optimal and timely treatment of patients with cancer. This study sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the ...availability and accessibility of biomolecular technologies to patients, the status of their use and prescription, barriers to access, and potential economic issues related to cost and reimbursement.
A total of 201 field reporters from 48 European countries submitted data through an electronic survey tool between July and December 2021. The survey methodology mirrored that from previous ESMO studies addressing the availability and accessibility of antineoplastic medicines, in Europe and worldwide. The preliminary data were posted on the ESMO website for open peer-review, and amendments were incorporated into the final report.
Overall, basic single-gene techniques are widely available, whereas access to advanced biomolecular technologies, including large next-generation sequencing panels and complete genomic profiles, is highly heterogeneous. In most countries, advanced biomolecular technologies remain largely inaccessible in clinical practice, are limited to clinical trials or basic research, and associated with progressively increasing cost as the technique becomes more advanced. Differences also exist regarding national sequencing initiatives or molecular tumour boards. The most important barriers to multiple versus single-gene sequencing techniques are the reimbursement of the test (59% versus 24%), and the availability of a suitable medicine, either through reimbursement of treatment (48% versus 30%), off-label treatment (52% versus 35%), or clinical trial enrolment (53% versus 39%).
Cost and availability of both treatment and test are the two main factors limiting patients’ access to advanced biomolecular technologies and as a consequence to innovative anticancer strategies. In the era of precision medicine, tackling the accessibility to biomolecular technologies is a key step to reduce inequalities to transformative cancer care.
•Access to biomolecular technologies is essential to ensure optimal and timely treatment of patients with cancer.•Challenges to access to biomolecular technologies limit patient access to targeted and innovative medicines.•This study provides an overview of availability, accessibility, and costs of genomic testing in oncology in Europe.•It highlights existing disparities in access to biomolecular technologies across countries in Europe.•ESMO aims at reducing inequalities and increasing access to cost-effective biomolecular technologies and relevant therapies.
The resulting solutions from the cotton fabrics dyeing using the trichromy Procion HEXL, with NaCl as electrolyte, were electrochemically treated. These dyes have two azo groups as chromophores and ...two monochlorotriazinic groups as reactive groups in their structure. The combined oxidation/reduction at 125 mA cm−2 in a filter-press cell without compartment separation was carried out using an anode of Ti/SnO2–Sb–Pt and a cathode of stainless steel. This procedure has been effective in previous experiments using sulphate as electrolyte. A significant decrease in total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total nitrogen (TN) was obtained. Moreover, the process took place efficiently. The average oxidation state (AOS) and the carbon oxidation state (COS) data confirmed the presence of stable oxidized intermediates in the electrolysed solution. The chromatography and the UV–Visible spectrophotometry assays indicated that full decolourisation is obtained at a loaded charge of around 0.81 Ah L−1 which is associated with an electrical energy per order (EEO) of 1.20 kWh m−3.
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•Electrolyses of a real dyestuff wastewater from a trichromy of reactive dyes are done.•Stable Ti/SnO2–Sb–Pt anodes in NaCl solutions permit complete decolourisation.•Very low energy consumption is needed in the presence of chloride.•High mineralization of organic matter is obtained with chloride addition.•This treatment is a valuable alternative for textile wastewater remediation.
The electrochemical treatment of wastewaters from the textile industry is a promising technique for not easily biodegradable compounds. This work is aimed at studying the electrochemical degradation ...of bifunctional reactive dyes after a real dyeing process. These are: Procion Yellow HELX®, Procion Crimson HELX® and Procion Navy HELX®, which are widely used in dyeing processes of cellulose fibers. Their structure is mainly characterized by the presence of two azo groups as chromophore group and two monochlorotriazinic groups as reactive groups. Electrolyses were carried out under galvanostatic conditions in an undivided electrolytic cell. Ti/SnO2-Sb-Pt and stainless steel electrodes were used as anode and cathode, respectively. In all cases Na2SO4 was used as electrolyte without external addition of chloride.
The degree of degradation was evaluated by means of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measurements.
The decolourization kinetics and the presence of the intermediates generated due to of the electrochemical treatment were studied by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and these studies were also carried out with UV–Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopies.
In all cases, a decrease in TOC and COD, and a complete decolourization were obtained after the electrochemical treatment. AOS and COS data proved the presence of oxidised intermediates in solution after the electrolyses. These results suggest the possibility of reusing the treated water in several dyeing processes.
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•Electrolyses of real dyestuff wastewater of a complex mix of reactive dyes are made.•Enhanced stability Ti/SnO2-Sb-Pt anodes permit complete decoulorisation.•Noticeable mineralization of organic matter is obtained without chloride addition.•The purpose treatment is a valuable alternative for textile wastewater remediation.
Purpose
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically improved the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We aimed to assess health state utility and quality of life (QoL) in French ...patients with CML in real-life setting, to study the determinants of utility score and to compare health-related QoL values to general population norms.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study in 412 patients with CML. Data were collected by electronic survey. Three patient-reported outcomes questionnaires were used: EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-CML24 and EuroQol EQ-5D-3L. Health state utility values were computed using the French value set. We computed deviations from reference norms from the general population. We studied the determinants of health utility score using multiple regression models.
Results
The mean utility score (SD) was 0.72 (0.25) in the chronic phase and 0.84 (0.21) in treatment-free remission, with marked variations by gender. Patients with CML had a deviation from the reference norm of −0.15 on average (SD: 0.25). In terms of QoL, social functioning, role functioning and cognitive functioning were notably impacted with a mean difference of −16.0, −13.1 and −11.7 respectively. Fatigue, dyspnea and pain were the symptoms with the highest deviation from general population norms (mean difference of 20.6, 14.0 and 8.3 respectively). In the multiple regression analysis, fatigue was the most important independent predictor of the utility score.
Conclusion
Although TKIs prevent the disease from progressing and even allow remission without treatment, QoL in patients with CML is notably altered. The utility scores deteriorate with CML symptoms.
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•Polyester fabrics were coated with polypyrrole doped with graphene oxide (GO).•FESEM, XPS and EDX confirmed the GO incorporation in the polymer matrix.•Doping level (N+/N) decreased ...with the increasing GO content.•Conductivity could be tuned by modifying GO content.•Conductivity and electroactivity decreased with the increasing GO content.
Polyester (PES) has been coated with polypyrrole (PPy) to produce conducting fabrics. Graphene oxide (GO) has been used in different concentrations (10, 20 and 30% weight) as counter ion to neutralize the positive charges of the PPy structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the PPy/GO powders corroborated the incorporation of GO as counter ion due to the presence of O in the EDX spectrum, as well as an excess of C, arising from GO contribution. The doping level (N+/N) decreased with the GO content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the formation of the PPy/GO coating and the incorporation of GO in the composite. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in solid state and solution, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) were used to test the electrical properties and electroactivity of the fabrics. There was a decrease in the electrical properties and electroactivity as the GO content increased. The conductivity of the fabrics could be tuned by varying the GO content.
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•An energy storage material is developed from an activated carbon cloth.•The coatings of RGO and PPyAQS are carried out by cyclic voltammetry.•RGO optimizes the electrochemical ...syntheses of PPyAQS.•RGO increases the areal capacitance and the energy density.•RGO improves the cycling stability with the charge/discharge.
This work describes a two-step procedure for the electrochemical coating of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and polypyrrole anthraquinone sulfonate (PPyAQS) onto an activated carbon cloth (ACC) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The textile samples were characterized by CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements using a sandwich-type (electrode/separator/electrode) cell designed to operate in three or two-electrode configurations. The presence of RGO onto the ACC surface optimized the electrosynthesis of PPyAQS and reinforced the stability of the polymer with the number of charge/discharge cycles. A retention capacity of 90% after 100 charge-discharge cycles together with an energy density of 7.8 × 10−4 W h cm−2 at a power density of 1.8 × 10−3 W cm−2 were obtained for the ACC/RGO/PPyAQS sample. The analyses by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the RGO veils-like and PPyAQS glomerular structures covering the ACC-fibers. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses not only detected the presence of PPy and AQS, but also, the changes in the molecular structure of PPyAQS, depending on its oxidation state, as consequence of the redox reactions occurred in the charge/discharge processes in the two-electrode cell.
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•Magnesium discs are successfully modified by chemical and electrochemical methods.•The different samples are analyzed in physiological saline 0.9 wt % NaCl.•The corrosion rate of ...modified samples is shifted by different treatments.•Bovine serum improves the reduce graphene oxide coating on passivated magnesium.•A reduction corrosion rate of 85% was obtained for a chemically modified sample.
The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide onto magnesium discs by electrochemical and chemical methods is presented in this work. The surface morphology and atomic composition were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion rate of different samples was analyzed in physiological saline 0.9 wt % NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. As a result of the different treatments, a progressive decrease in the corrosion rate of the magnesium disc in the corroding environment was obtained, reaching up to 80% of reduction for the chemically modified sample.
•Graphene-coated fabrics have been obtained by chemical reduction of graphene oxide.•XPS measurements showed the partial restoration of the sp2 structure of graphene.•Electrochemical impedance ...spectroscopy showed the conductive behavior of fabrics.•Better electrocatalytic properties were obtained in EIS measurements in solutions.•Scanning electrochemical microscopy showed also the increase of electroactivity.
Polyester fabrics coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) have been obtained and later characterized by means of chemical and electrochemical techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a decrease of the oxygen content as well as an increase of the sp2 fraction after chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The electrical conductivity was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and showed a decrease of 5 orders of magnitude in the resistance (Ω) when GO was reduced to RGO. The phase angle also changed from 90° for PES-GO (capacitative behavior) to 0° for RGO coated fabrics (resistive behavior). In general an increase in the number of RGO layers produced an increase of the conductivity of the fabrics. EIS measurements in metal/sample/electrolyte configuration showed better electrocatalytic properties and faster diffusion rate for RGO specimens. Scanning electrochemical microscopy was employed to test the electroactivity of the different fabrics obtained. The sample coated with GO was not conductive since negative feedback was obtained. When GO was reduced to RGO the sample behaved like a conducting material since positive feedback was obtained. Approach curves indicated that the redox mediator had influence on the electrochemical response. The Fe(CN)63−/4− redox mediator produced a higher electrochemical response than Ru(NH3)63+/2+ one.
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