Display omitted
•Single droplet drying reveals morphology evolution of maltodextrin systems.•Particle morphology development varies with the dextrose equivalence value.•Glass transition temperatures ...and rheology help explain morphological characteristics.•Elastic skins result in smoothly shaped particles with large cavities.•Viscous skins develop wrinkling, folding or creasing particle morphologies.
Particle morphology development during spray drying is critical to powder properties. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the dextrose equivalence (DE) of maltodextrins can be used as an indicator for the final particle morphology. Maltodextrins were characterized on glass transition temperature (Tg) and viscosity, where low DE-value maltodextrins exhibited higher Tg and viscosity than high DE maltodextrins (≥21). A new custom-built sessile single droplet dryer was used to analyse morphology development of minute maltodextrin droplets (R0 ~ 100 μm) at 60 °C and 90 °C. Droplets with low DE showed early skin formation (2–5 s) and developed smoothly shaped particles with large cavities. Rheology on low DE maltodextrin films at dry matter of 82% (w/w) suggested that drying droplets acquired elasticity after locking providing resistance against surface compression. After locking morphology development is probably halted as the glassy state is approached. On the contrary, rheology on high DE maltodextrin (≥21) films at dry matter of 93% (w/w) suggested that drying droplets with high DE developed viscous skins, which are susceptible to surface deformations, leading to wrinkling, folding or creasing particle morphologies. The results demonstrated that DE-value may be used as an indicator for particle morphology development when interpreted in view of the process conditions.
We investigated the formation of a droplet from a single pore in a glass chip, which is a model system for droplet formation in membrane emulsification. Droplet formation was simulated with the ...lattice Boltzmann method, a method suitable for modeling on the mesoscale. We validated the lattice Boltzmann code with several benchmarks such as the flow profile in a rectangular channel, droplet deformation between two shearing plates, and a sessile drop on a plate with different wetting conditions. In all cases, the modeling results were in good agreement with the benchmark. A comparison of experimental droplet formation in a microchannel glass chip showed good quantitative agreement with the modeling results. With this code, droplet formation simulations with various interfacial tensions and various flow rates were performed. All resulting droplet sizes could be correlated quantitatively with the capillary number and the fluxes in the system.
Application behavior of spray dried powders such as reconstitution behavior and flowability is indirectly influenced by powder particle morphology. We here investigated the influence of the drying ...conditions and composition for whey protein (WP), maltodextrin (MD) and their mixtures on particle morphology during pilot-scale spray drying. Even though all powders showed a variety of morphologies, MD powders contained more wrinkled particles and had high bulk density, whereas pure WP powders contained more hollow particles. Mixture powders (75:25 WP:MD) show more hollow particles with increasing inlet temperature, with a lower bulk density. The observed morphologies for different formulations corresponded roughly to previous observations during sessile single droplet drying, but the results indicate that the morphology is also influenced by the faster pilot-scale drying, which was not evident in the slower single droplet drying.
Display omitted
•Drying conditions and feed composition influenced the morphology and bulk density.•Drying at a lower inlet temperature increased the formation of hollow particles.•Powders with more wrinkled particles exhibited a higher bulk density.•The observed morphologies were in line with previous single droplet drying results.
Physical exercise is an important component in the management of type 1 diabetes across the lifespan. Yet, acute exercise increases the risk of dysglycaemia, and the direction of glycaemic excursions ...depends, to some extent, on the intensity and duration of the type of exercise. Understandably, fear of hypoglycaemia is one of the strongest barriers to incorporating exercise into daily life. Risk of hypoglycaemia during and after exercise can be lowered when insulin-dose adjustments are made and/or additional carbohydrates are consumed. Glycaemic management during exercise has been made easier with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) systems; however, because of the complexity of CGM and isCGM systems, both individuals with type 1 diabetes and their healthcare professionals may struggle with the interpretation of given information to maximise the technological potential for effective use around exercise (i.e. before, during and after). This position statement highlights the recent advancements in CGM and isCGM technology, with a focus on the evidence base for their efficacy to sense glucose around exercise and adaptations in the use of these emerging tools, and updates the guidance for exercise in adults, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Graphical abstract
Summary Background Case series suggest that laparoscopic peritoneal lavage might be a promising alternative to sigmoidectomy in patients with perforated diverticulitis. We aimed to assess the ...superiority of laparoscopic lavage compared with sigmoidectomy in patients with purulent perforated diverticulitis, with respect to overall long-term morbidity and mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, open-label trial in 34 teaching hospitals and eight academic hospitals in Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands (the Ladies trial). The Ladies trial is split into two groups: the LOLA group comparing laparoscopic lavage with sigmoidectomy and the DIVA group comparing Hartmann's procedure with sigmoidectomy plus primary anastomosis. The DIVA section of this trial is still underway but here we report the results of the LOLA section. Patients with purulent perforated diverticulitis were enrolled for LOLA, excluding patients with faecal peritonitis, aged older than 85 years, with high-dose steroid use (≥20 mg daily), and haemodynamic instability. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1:1; stratified by age <60 years vs ≥60 years) using secure online computer randomisation to laparoscopic lavage, Hartmann's procedure, or primary anastomosis in a parallel design after diagnostic laparoscopy. Patients were analysed according to a modified intention-to-treat principle and were followed up after the index operation at least once in the outpatient setting and after sigmoidoscopy and stoma reversal, according to local protocols. The primary endpoint was a composite endpoint of major morbidity and mortality within 12 months. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01317485. Findings Between July 1, 2010, and Feb 22, 2013, 90 patients were randomly assigned in the LOLA section of the Ladies trial when the study was terminated by the data and safety monitoring board because of an increased event rate in the lavage group. Two patients were excluded for protocol violations. The primary endpoint occurred in 30 (67%) of 45 patients in the lavage group and 25 (60%) of 42 patients in the sigmoidectomy group (odds ratio 1·28, 95% CI 0·54–3·03, p=0·58). By 12 months, four patients had died after lavage and six patients had died after sigmoidectomy (p=0·43). Interpretation Laparoscopic lavage is not superior to sigmoidectomy for the treatment of purulent perforated diverticulitis. Funding Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development.
•Aqueous and conventional extracted protein isolates had similar protein functionality.•A lengthy heat treatment increased the water holding capacity of the protein isolate.•Ultrafiltration was ...successful in concentrating the protein isolate to 0.25gmL−1.•Aqueous processing lowers the environmental impact of protein extraction from plants.
Aqueous fractionation of protein from lupin seeds was investigated as an alternative to the conventional wet fractionation processes, which make use of organic solvents. The effect of extraction temperature was studied and the consequences for downstream processing were analysed. Omitting the extraction of oil with organic solvents resulted in a protein isolate that contained 0.02–0.07goilg−1 protein isolate, depending on the exact extraction conditions. Nevertheless, the protein functionality of the aqueous fractionated lupin protein isolate was similar to the conventional lupin protein isolate. The protein isolate suspension could be concentrated to 0.25gmL−1 using ultrafiltration, which provides a relevant concentration for a range of high-protein products. Based on the results, we conclude that aqueous fractionation can be a method to lower the environmental impact of the extraction of proteins from legumes that contain water- and dilute salt-soluble proteins.
When proteins in aqueous solutions are exposed to solid substrates, they adsorb due to the dynamic interplay of electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydration interactions and do so in a rather ...irreversible fashion, which makes protein recovery troublesome. Here, we use a gold electrode as the solid substrate and modulate the surface potential to systematically induce protein adsorption as well as partial desorption. We use different methods such as surface plasmon resonance, atomic force microscopy, and electrowetting and show that biasing the electrode to more negative potentials (by −0.4 V compared to the open-circuit potential at pH 6) results in an increased adsorption barrier of 6 kJ mol–1 for the negatively charged protein β-lactoglobulin. Further, we clearly demonstrate that this is due to an increased double layer potential of −0.06 V and an increase in hydration repulsion. This indicates that an electric potential can directly influence surface interactions and thus induce partial β-lactoglobulin desorption. These observations can be the basis for biosensors as well as separation technologies that use only one trigger to steer protein ad- and desorption, which is low in energy requirement and does not generate large waste streams, as is the case for standard protein separation technologies.
Long, fibrillar semiflexible aggregates were formed from soy glycinin and soy protein isolate (SPI) when heated at 85 °C and pH 2. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the contour ...length of the fibrils was ∼1 µm, the persistence length 2.3 µm, and the thickness a few nanometers. Fibrils formed from SPI were more branched than the fibrils of soy glycinin. Binding of the fluorescent dye Thioflavin T to the fibrils showed that β-sheets were present in the fibrils. The presence of the fibrils resulted in an increase in viscosity and shear thinning behavior. Flow-induced birefringence measurements showed that the behavior of the fibrils under flow can be described by scaling relations derived for rodlike macromolecules. The fibril formation could be influenced by the protein concentration and heating time. Most properties of soy glycinin fibrils are comparable to β-lactoglobulin fibrils.
PDF
