Because the galaxies of the Local Group have such large angular sizes, much of their diffuse, large-angular-scale emission is filtered out by the Herschel data reduction process. In this work, we ...restore this previously missed dust in Herschel observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, M31, and M33. We do this by combining Herschel data (including new reductions for the Magellanic Clouds), in Fourier space, with lower-resolution data from all-sky surveys (Planck, IRAS, and COBE) that did not miss the extended emission. With these new maps, we find that a significant amount of emission was missing from uncorrected Herschel data of these galaxies; over 20% in some bands. Our new photometry also resolves the disagreement between fluxes reported from older HERITAGE Magellanic Cloud Herschel reductions, and fluxes reported from other telescopes. More emission is restored in shorter wavelength bands, especially in the galaxies' peripheries, making these regions 20-40% bluer than before. We also find that the Herschel-PACS instrument response conflicts with the all-sky data, over the 20-90' angular scales to which they are both sensitive, by up to 31%. By binning our new data based on hydrogen column density, we are able to detect emission from dust at low ISM densities (at \(\Sigma_{\rm H} < 1\,{\rm M_{\odot} pc^{-2}}\) in some cases), and are able to detect emission at much lower densities (a factor of 2.2 lower on average, and more than a factor of 7 lower in several cases) than was possible with uncorrected data.
Molecular gas in galaxies is the primary fuel of star formation but the exact amount of molecular gas remains unknown since H2 is not observed directly in cold interstellar regions. CO observations ...have been so far the best way to trace molecular gas in external galaxies, but in low metallicity environments the gas mass deduced could be largely underestimated due to enhanced photodissociation of CO. In this context, using millimeter dust emission as a dense gas tracer could unveil large H2 enveloppes in molecular clouds. Mass estimates from millimeter dust emission are compared to virial masses in two giant molecular clouds samples: the local clouds in our Galaxy, and equivalents in the Small Magellanic Cloud. In our Galaxy, virial masses are systematically larger than mass estimates from millimeter emission, confirming previous studies. This is not the case for SMC clouds: molecular gas masses deduced from millimeter observations are systematically higher than the virial masses from CO observations. We show that an additional magnetic field support of the SMC clouds could explain the difference observed.
As we learn more about the multi-scale interstellar medium (ISM) of our Galaxy, we develop a greater understanding for the complex relationships between the large-scale diffuse gas and dust in Giant ...Molecular Clouds (GMCs), how it moves, how it is affected by the nearby massive stars, and which portions of those GMCs eventually collapse into star forming regions. The complex interactions of those gas, dust and stellar populations form what has come to be known as the ecology of our Galaxy. Because we are deeply embedded in the plane of our Galaxy, it takes up a significant fraction of the sky, with complex dust lanes scattered throughout the optically recognisable bands of the Milky Way. These bands become bright at (sub-)millimetre wavelengths, where we can study dust thermal emission and the chemical and kinematic signatures of the gas. To properly study such large-scale environments, requires deep, large area surveys that are not possible with current facilities. Moreover, where stars form, so too do planetary systems, growing from the dust and gas in circumstellar discs, to planets and planetesimal belts. Understanding the evolution of these belts requires deep imaging capable of studying belts around young stellar objects to Kuiper belt analogues around the nearest stars. Here we present a plan for observing the Galactic Plane and circumstellar environments to quantify the physical structure, the magnetic fields, the dynamics, chemistry, star formation, and planetary system evolution of the galaxy in which we live with AtLAST; a concept for a new, 50m single-dish sub-mm telescope with a large field of view which is the only type of facility that will allow us to observe our Galaxy deeply and widely enough to make a leap forward in our understanding of our local ecology.
Submillimeter and millimeter wavelengths provide a unique view of the Universe, from the gas and dust that fills and surrounds galaxies to the chromosphere of our own Sun. Current single-dish ...facilities have presented a tantalising view of the brightest (sub-)mm sources, and interferometers have provided the exquisite resolution necessary to analyse the details in small fields, but there are still many open questions that cannot be answered with current facilities. In this report we summarise the science that is guiding the design of the Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST). We demonstrate how tranformational advances in topics including star formation in high redshift galaxies, the diffuse circumgalactic medium, Galactic ecology, cometary compositions and solar flares motivate the need for a 50m, single-dish telescope with a 1-2 degree field of view and a new generation of highly multiplexed continuum and spectral cameras. AtLAST will have the resolution to drastically lower the confusion limit compared to current single-dish facilities, whilst also being able to rapidly map large areas of the sky and detect extended, diffuse structures. Its high sensitivity and large field of view will open up the field of submillimeter transient science by increasing the probability of serendipitous detections. Finally, the science cases listed here motivate the need for a highly flexible operations model capable of short observations of individual targets, large surveys, monitoring programmes, target of opportunity observations and coordinated observations with other observatories. AtLAST aims to be a sustainable, upgradeable, multipurpose facility that will deliver orders of magnitude increases in sensitivity and mapping speeds over current and planned submillimeter observatories.
Cette thèse est consacrée à la caractérisation du milieu interstellaire (MIS) dans le Petit Nuage de Magellan (SMC). Cette galaxie, modèle proche des galaxies aux premiers stades d'évolution, a une ...faible métallicité et un fort taux de formation d'étoiles.
Mes travaux sont consacrés en particulier à la définition des propriétés des poussières, du milieu diffus aux régions de formation stellaire du SMC. L'analyse et la modélisation de l'émission infrarouge dans ces environnements montre que (1) les grains sont globalement détruits dans le milieu diffus; (2) la destruction des PAHs ne serait pas systématique dans le MIS de faible métallicité.
La seconde partie est dédiée à l'étude de l'émission millimétrique des poussières comme traceur du gaz moléculaire dans les nuages denses. La comparaison de ce traceur avec l'émission CO indique une dépendance linéaire avec la métallicité du facteur de conversion CO-vers-H$_2$. D'autre part, les masses de nuages moléculaires locaux déduites de ce traceur sont compatibles avec celles obtenues à partir des observations CO. Cependant, dans le SMC on observe un excès systématique par rapport aux masses virielles. L'ajout d'un champ magnétique comme support partiel de ces nuages permet d'expliquer l'excès observé.
L'ensemble de mes travaux met en évidence une évolution du rapport gaz-sur-poussières dans le SMC. Dans le milieu diffus, les grains sont détruits par les nombreuses explosions de supernovae. Les éléments lourds réaccrètent sur les grains dans les régions plus denses.
Ces études se placent comme cas scientifiques d'utilisation de l'Observatoire Virtuel (OV). Dans ce cadre, j'ai construit une base de données sur les nuages de Magellan, prototype des bases de données d'équipe de l'OV. De plus, la formalisation des étapes de traitement et d'analyse effectuées me permet de spécifier les développement nécéssaires à l'inclusion des objets étendus dans l'OV et de proposer des outils génériques.
With some telescopes standing still, now more than ever simple access to archival data is vital for astronomers and they need to know how to go about it. Within European Virtual Observatory (VO) ...projects, such as AIDA (2008-2010), ICE (2010-2012), CoSADIE (2013-2015), ASTERICS (2015-2018) and ESCAPE (since 2019), we have been offering Virtual Observatory schools for many years. The aim of these schools are twofold: teaching (early career) researchers about the functionalities and possibilities within the Virtual Observatory and collecting feedback from the astronomical community. In addition to the VO schools on the European level, different national teams have also put effort into VO dissemination. The team at the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS) started to explore more and new ways to interact with the community: a series of blog posts on AstroBetter.com or a lunch time session at the virtual EAS meeting 2020. The Spanish VO has conducted virtual VO schools. GAVO has supported online archive workshops and maintains their Virtual Observatory Text Treasures. In this paper, we present the different formats in more detail, and report on the resulting interaction with the community as well as the estimated reach.
Observations and modeling suggest that the dust abundance (gas-to-dust ratio, G/D) depends on (surface) density. The variations of the G/D provide constraints on the timescales for the different ...processes involved in the lifecycle of metals in galaxies. Recent G/D measurements based on Herschel data suggest a factor 5---10 decrease in the dust abundance between the dense and diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) in the Magellanic Clouds. However, the relative nature of the Herschel measurements precludes definitive conclusions on the magnitude of those variations. We investigate the variations of the dust abundance in the LMC and SMC using all-sky far-infrared surveys, which do not suffer from the limitations of Herschel on their zero-point calibration. We stack the dust spectral energy distribution (SED) at 100, 350, 550, and 850 microns from IRAS and Planck in intervals of gas surface density, model the stacked SEDs to derive the dust surface density, and constrain the relation between G/D and gas surface density in the range 10---100 \Msu pc\(^{-2}\) on \(\sim\) 80 pc scales. We find that G/D decreases by factors of 3 (from 1500 to 500) in the LMC and 7 (from 1.5\(\times 10^4\) to 2000) in the SMC between the diffuse and dense ISM. The surface density dependence of G/D is consistent with elemental depletions and with simple modeling of the accretion of gas-phase metals onto dust grains. This result has important implications for the sub-grid modeling of galaxy evolution, and for the calibration of dust-based gas mass estimates, both locally and at high-redshift.
We compare the resolved properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and other low mass galaxies to those in more massive spirals. When measured using CO line ...emission, differences among the various populations of GMCs are fairly small. We contrast this result with the view afforded by dust emission in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Comparing temperature-corrected dust opacity to the distribution of H i suggests extended envelopes of CO-free H2, implying that CO traces only the highest density H2 in the SMC. Including this CO-free H2, the gas depletion time, H2-to-H i ratio, and H2-to-stellar mass/light ratio in the SMC are all typical of those found in more massive irregular galaxies.
PDF
