Generalized Newtonian fluids (GNFs), for which the viscosity of the fluid is shear-rate dependent, appear regularly in polymeric, geological, and biological flows, making them important to many ...porous medium operations. Despite this, the methods used to model flow and transport of GNFs heretofore have been limited, focusing on empirical models that require experimental or simulated data for flow of every fluid of interest, flowing in every porous medium of interest. In this work, new flow and transport models for GNFs have been developed that allow prediction using only a limited number of commonly tabulated system and fluid properties. In particular, observations from one Newtonian fluid flowing through a medium at one flow rate are adequate to model all GNFs of interest flowing through that medium at any laminar flow rate. The new flow and transport models were found to be accurate for a wide variety of GNFs and porous media when compared to data generated from mature computational simulators. These new models operate in an analogous fashion to the way Newtonian flow and transport models do, thus system parameters may be determined in advance and used to model unknown GNFs of interest in the future. This represents a significant improvement in the state of the science of GNF flow and transport modeling, and may lead to inclusion of these models in the next generation of porous medium simulators.
The molecular weight, MW, distribution of soluble microbial products, SMP, was examined. Phenol, an inhibitory substrate, and glucose, a non-inhibitory substrate, were degraded using acclimated ...cultures of bacteria. Three distinct regions were found to exist, Region I: Original substrate present, Region II: Biodegradable SMP present, and Region III: Endogenous respiration. Phenol degradation resulted in more SMP than glucose, about 25 percent versus 3 percent as residual SMP at the end of Region I, and 3 percent versus 1 percent at the end of Region II, respectively. In Region III, the production of SMP due to endogenous decay, SMPE, was proportional to the rate of cell degradation. The rate coefficient for SMPe production for cells grown on phenol was higher than for glucose, 0.005 mg SMPe per mg cell carbon per day for phenol versus 0.002 mg per mg per day for glucose. Although differences existed in the magnitude of SMP produced, the MW distributions for phenol and glucose were similar in each region. While in Region I most of the SMP consisted of the lowest MW (<1 K daltons) compounds, 90 percent for phenol and 75 percent for glucose, at the end of Region II only 41 percent of the SMP for phenol and 56 percent for glucose were in the <1 K fraction. Finally, for endogenous decay products, 48 and 50 percent of the SMPe were in the highest MW fraction >100 K.
Capturing, immobilizing, and fitting radiocollars are common practices in studies of large mammals, but success is based on the assumptions that captured animals are representative of the rest of the ...population and that the capture procedure has negligible effects. We estimated effects of chemical immobilization on mortality rates of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We used a Cox proportional hazards approach to test for differences in mortality among age, sex, and capture classes of repeatedly captured radiocollared buffalo. Capture variables did not improve model fit and the Cox regression did not indicate increased risk of death for captured individuals up to 90 days postcapture exp (β) = 1.07. Estimated confidence intervals, however, span from a halving to a doubling of the mortality rate (95% CI = 0.56–2.02). Therefore, capture did not influence survival of captured individuals using data on 875 captures over a 5-year period. Consequently, long-term research projects on African buffalo involving immobilization, such as associated with research on bovine tuberculosis, should result in minimal capture mortality, but monitoring of possible effects should continue.
In this article, the author offers a response to Mike Mueller's review of "Transforming Environmental Education: Making the Cultural and Environmental Commons the Focus of Educational Reform." ...Mueller's review, although limited in the way all reviews are limited, makes a genuine contribution by not imposing interpretations that reflect the environmentally destructive modernizing paradigm that so many critics still take for granted. The author contends that one should avoid turning new concepts into slogans by ensuring that the discourse is based on an in-depth understanding of the relationships between cultural issues and possibilities and their environmental impacts, as well as an in-depth understanding of the assumptions that the other takes for granted. Science and environmental educators also will need to understand the cultural issues if they are to recognize when they have strayed into the area of scientism, and the nonscience teachers and professors need to understand how the challenges facing scientists and environmental educators are being magnified by the cultural assumptions they are reinforcing in their classes.
A mathematical model was developed to simulate the effect of axial mixing and recycle on competition between filamentous and floc-forming microbial populations based on the Monod equation and the ...plug flow with recycle flow model, and a matched artificial recycle ratio was defined to include the effects of both axial mixing and recycle flow on the residence time distribution. The model predicted that low recycle ratios (R< 1.0), implying low axial dispersion, favored floc-formers; increasing R (to R> 10) eventually eliminated the competitive advantage of the floc-formers over the filaments. The feed concentration was also an important factor in microbial selection with a predominantly filamentous biomass predicted when R> 0.1 and Si< 100 mg L as COD. An operating diagram prepared based on the model output showed that a high recycle ratio and or low feed concentration favored filamentous domination, while floc-formers dominated at a low recycle ratio and or high feed concentration. Strategies to control or prevent bulking include the compartmentalization of or the reduction of mixing power within the aeration tank to reduce axial mixing, as well as reducing the actual recycle rate. Experimental data and field observations reported by other researchers were consistent with the model results.
In the case of City of New York v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC, the scope of the phrase otherwise defend found in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a) pertaining to a default. Federal Rule of Civil ...Procedure 55(a) states that when a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk must enter the party's default. In deciding whether the district court abused its discretion in granting a default in the first instance, the Second Circuit examined what inactions by the defendants constituted a failure to otherwise defend pursuant to Rule 55(a). The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit interpreted the phrase broadly finding that the defendants' failure to appear at trial constituted a failure to otherwise defend the case. Here, Bowers talks about the case of New York v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC.
An explosion in multiple birth rates has generated record numbers of multiple pregnancies and infants. Obstetric and neonatal nurses and those in related practice areas, such as reproductive ...endocrinology, perinatal education, home health, and lactation services, need special knowledge and resources to provide optimal care for these high-risk families. Multiple birth families have a number of unique health care problems that require directed nursing interventions throughout the perinatal continuum.
One of the major concerns in education reform is the recognition of problems within society that affects or has the potential to affect the achievement of students in school. This book attempts to ...put in focus what the priorities should be in thinking about the challenges facing public school and university education in the United States and other countries that have followed Western approaches to modernization. Reformers should take account of how the cultural beliefs and practices passed on through schooling relate to the deepening ecological crisis that may actually strengthen the cultural orientation that is undermining the sustaining capacities of natural systems upon which all life depends. Chapter 1, "The Cultural Aspects of the Ecological Crisis," establishes a framework for considering the ecological consequences of an educational process that reinforces a set of cultural beliefs and practices formed during a period of Western history when the plenitude of the natural environment seemed to hold out the promise of unlimited economic expansion and social progress. Chapter 2, "The Conservative Misinterpretation of the Educational Crisis," takes the reader through the conservatives' arguments on the nature of the educational crisis, and what they consider as the remedy. Chapter 3, "The Liberal Impasse: Technocrats and Emancipators," turns to a consideration of the liberal technocrats who are the dominant group in teacher education and professional in-service training, and the emancipatory traditions of educational liberalism. Chapter 4, "Anthropocentrism in Textbooks," assesses the cultural values and beliefs communicated through textbooks, and how they relate to the ecological crisis. Chapter 5, "Toward Deep Changes in the Educational Process," has two major sections: (1) the inability of traditional methods to provide an adequate basis for learning to live in ecological balance; and (2) a presentation of the basic ideals of Gregory Bateson. Chapter 6, "The Political and Spiritual Dimensions of the Ecological Crisis: Toward a New Sense of Balance" considers whether the mainstream Western culture that guides and gives substance to educational practices has overvalued the efficacy of the political process and undervalued the importance of spiritual development. (ZWH)
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