The properties expected of "hot" non-flaring plasmas due to nanoflare heating in active regions are investigated using hydrodynamic modeling tools, including a two-fluid development of the EBTEL ...code. Here we study a single nanoflare and show that while simple models predict an emission measure distribution extending well above 10 MK that is consistent with cooling by thermal conduction, many other effects are likely to limit the existence and detectability of such plasmas. These include: differential heating between electrons and ions, ionization non-equilibrium and, for short nanoflares, the time taken for the coronal density to increase. The most useful temperature range to look for this plasma, often called the "smoking gun" of nanoflare heating, lies between \(10^{6.6}\) and \(10^7\) K. Signatures of the actual heating may be detectable in some instances.
Unselected patients with exacerbations referred by general practitioners for admission to hospital were reviewed and those fulfilling the British Thoracic Society guidelines 3 were offered home ...treatment. In summary, our experience supports the findings of Skwarskaet al 2 that plans for future assisted discharge schemes should be based on an estimated discharge rate of 20-25% of the unselected COPD hospital referrals.
Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda in humans has been associated with an asymptomatic carrier state as well as mild, self-limited diarrheal illness. Extraintestinal manifestations have included ...soft-tissue infections, meningitis, osteomyelitis, cholangitis, and sepsis. Only three cases of patients who had documented hepatic abscess due to E. tarda have been reported in the English-language literature; two patients died, and the third required a laparotomy and drainage. We report what is, to our knowledge, the first autochthonous case of hepatic abscess due to E. tarda in the United States and the first case that was successfully managed with antibiotic therapy alone.
Muon beams of low emittance provide the basis for the intense, well-characterized neutrino beams necessary to elucidate the physics of flavor at a neutrino factory and to provide lepton-antilepton ...collisions at energies of up to several TeV at a muon collider. The international Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) aims to demonstrate ionization cooling, the technique by which it is proposed to reduce the phase-space volume occupied by the muon beam at such facilities. In an ionization-cooling channel, the muon beam passes through a material in which it loses energy. The energy lost is then replaced using rf cavities. The combined effect of energy loss and reacceleration is to reduce the transverse emittance of the beam (transverse cooling). A major revision of the scope of the project was carried out over the summer of 2014. The revised experiment can deliver a demonstration of ionization cooling. The design of the cooling demonstration experiment will be described together with its predicted cooling performance.
Disseminated histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection that may occur in previously healthy or immunocompromised patients. The condition is being recognized with increasing frequency in persons ...infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The most common organs involved include the lung, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, adrenals and central nervous system, with genitourinary involvement being exceedingly unusual. We describe a Histoplasma capsulatum prostatic abscess occurring after therapy for pulmonary histoplasmosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The prostate may be a difficult focus from which to eradicate disseminated fungal infection in immunocompromised patients.
Spouse abuse is a major social issue in our country. Based on national samples, between 10 and 20% of couples report some type of violence during the course of their marriage. In the United States, ...1.8 million women are physically abused by their spouses each year. Within the military, it is estimated that the incidence of spouse abuse is even greater than in the civilian sector. Estimates suggest that one-third of military spouses experience abuse during their marriage. Although 87% of women prefer discussing their victimization with their physician, physicians, as a group, have been least effective in helping them. Recently, several barriers to physician recognition and intervention in domestic violence have been identified, and recommendations for specific training on abuse have been published. This paper provides military physicians an in-depth review of the guidelines to identification, diagnosis, and management of spouse abuse, with a special emphasis on their implementation within the uniformed services.
Mechanical cryocoolers will be used to provide 4 K cooling for the HFI bolometer instrument in the Planck Surveyor mission for measurement of the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. They ...may also find application in future Earth-observing satellites. We describe an experimental programme to investigate the effects of microphonic vibrations on infrared detectors. Our initial tests have demonstrated the feasibility of operating far-infrared photoconductive detectors in conjunction with a 4 K cryocooler for Earth observing applications. The microphonic susceptibility of a bolometer at 100 mK has also been investigated, using a modified variation of the Planck Surveyor zero gravity flight dilution system. The results of these tests gives us confidence in the proposed use of sensitive bolometers with mechanical cryocoolers for space missions. We also describe development of the bolometers, the readout systems and temperature regulators for improved systems level performance of such instruments.
Candida species have emerged as important pathogens in human infection. Although a variety of deep-seated candidal infections have been reported, Candida osteomyelitis has rarely been described. Five ...patients with Candida osteomyelitis are presented, and the 32 adult cases previously reported are reviewed. Candida osteomyelitis is noted as a simultaneous occurrence or late manifestation of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Osteomyelitis may not be prevented by a course of amphotericin B adequate to control the acute episode of disseminated candidiasis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Less commonly, Candida osteomyelitis presents as a postoperative wound infection. Like bacterial osteomyelitis, the most common presenting symptom is local pain. The insidious progression of infection, the nonspecificity of laboratory data, and the failure to recognize Candida as a potential pathogen may lead to diagnostic delay. Diagnosis can be made by either open biopsy or closed needle aspiration. Successful therapeutic regimens have employed combinations of antifungal therapy (most often amphotericin B) with surgical debridement when indicated. It is anticipated that osteomyelitis will become a more commonly recognized manifestation of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis.
A novel single-particle technique to measure emittance has been developed and used to characterise seventeen different muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE). The muon beams, ...whose mean momenta vary from 171 to 281 MeV/c, have emittances of approximately 1.2-2.3 π mm-rad horizontally and 0.6-1.0 π mm-rad vertically, a horizontal dispersion of 90-190 mm and momentum spreads of about 25 MeV/c. There is reasonable agreement between the measured parameters of the beams and the results of simulations. The beams are found to meet the requirements of MICE.
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