O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão da torta e do óleo de dendê em rações para tilápia-do-nilo. Foram utilizados 312 peixes, distribuídos em 24 tanques (150 L), em delineamento ...inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x3 - duas fontes de óleo (soja ou dendê) e três níveis de torta de dendê (0, 15 e 30%). A fonte de óleo não influenciou o desempenho zootécnico. A inclusão da torta de dendê não alterou a conversão alimentar aparente e a taxa de sobrevivência dos peixes; porém, promoveu aumento nos valores de consumo diário de ração, ganho de peso diário, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição. A fonte de óleo e a inclusão da torta não influenciaram o teor de gordura e o rendimento de carcaça, o índice hepatossomático, o valor produtivo da energia e o colesterol plasmático. O óleo de dendê pode substituir o óleo de soja, e a inclusão da torta de dendê melhora o desempenho zootécnico de tilápias-do-nilo, sem alterar características corporais e sanguíneas.
This study evaluated the ability of Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) to feed through self-demand feeders, and also determined daily feeding rhythm and locomotor activity. Twenty-four fish (312.58±9.55g, ...mean±SEM) were distributed in six 250-liter outdoor tanks. Each tank was equipped with a feeder adapted to allow fish to self-feed. Self-feeders and occupancy sensors were connected to a computer to allow measurement of feeding and locomotor activity. First, the ability of Pirarucu to use the self-feeding system was assessed. The daily rhythm of feeding activity and locomotion of Pirarucu was then evaluated. The fish learned to trigger the feeders and feeding demand stabilized at 158.79 activations per day. Predominant daytime feeding activity was observed, with 110.86±0.27 counts/day (70% of the total actions) seen during the day, versus 47.93±0.11 counts/day (30%) at night. However, no rhythm in this daily locomotor activity was observed. These study results were based on food being freely available and should be taken into account to improve the supply schedule of the species.
The use of an automatic feeder system activated by the fish could allow the animal to feed at their preferred time and hence reduces waste and improve the food intake of Pirarucu raised for aquaculture. Moreover, the optimum feeding strategies, including times, schedules and regimes, should be determined from detailed investigations of feeding rhythms.
•Fish on learning using self-feeding systems•Regulation of feeding to avoid feed wastage•Pirarucu demonstrate strict diurnal feeding behavior.•Pirarucu show no rhythm for locomotor activity.•Good feed conversion rates are achieved using self-feeders.
Rural spaces definitions are differentiated in several countries. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has standardized a rural definition by regional typology. The OECD ...regional typology set areas as Predominantly Urban, Intermediate, or Predominantly Rural. This paper analyses the application of OECD regional typology in Brazilian territory. The research used the OECD methodology, with support of GIS software, to define the rural areas in Brazil. The mostly segmented data from Brazilian Census of 2010 are used in contrast to others studies. The paper concludes that Brazil is more urban than official estimates and OECD reports. According to paper results, 87.48% of Brazilian population is urban and only one Territorial Level 3 region was classified as predominantly rural.
RESUMO: As definições de espaços rurais são diferenciadas em vários países. A Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tem padronizado uma definição de rural através da sua tipologia regional. A tipologia regional da OECD define áreas como Predominantemente Urbanas, Intermediárias ou Predominantemente Rurais. O presente artigo analisa a aplicação da tipologia da OECD no território brasileiro. A pesquisa usou a metodologia proposta pela OECD, com o suporte de software GIS, para definir as áreas rurais presentes no Brasil. Utilizando os dados mais desagregados disponíveis dos Censos Brasileiros de 2010, este artigo se diferencia de outros estudos desse âmbito. As conclusões apontam para um Brasil mais urbano do que as estimativas oficiais e os relatórios da OECD. De acordo com os resultados, 87,48% da população brasileira seria urbana e apenas uma mesorregião seria classificada como Predominantemente Rural.
The association of solid phase extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is applied to the direct extraction and quantitation of ...benzodiazepines in human plasma. The target analytes are sequestered by MIP and directly analyzed by ESI-MS. Due to the MIP highly selective extraction, ionic suppression during ESI is minimized; hence no separation is necessary prior to ESI-MS, which greatly increases analytical speed. Benzodiazepines (medazepam, nitrazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam and midazolam) in human plasma were chosen as a proof-of-principle case of drug analyses by MIP-ESI-MS in a complex matrix. MIP-ESI-MS displayed good figures of merits for medazepam, nitrazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and midazolam, with analytical calibration curves ranging from 10 to 250 μg L(-1) (r > 0.98) with limit of quantification <10 μg L(-1) and acceptable within-day and between-day precision and accuracy.
ABSTRACT The growth of the Brazilian aquaculture has stimulated the development of the productive chain of native species, including marine environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate ...the growth performance of juvenile mojarra fish (Diapterus rhombeus) fed diets containing different concentrations of crude protein (32, 36, 40 and 44 g 100 g-1). The 80 juvenile mojarra (7.2±1.5 g) were kept in 16 circular tanks (150 L). The study design used was completely randomized with four treatments and four repetitions. The fish were fed four times a day. At the end of the experiment (60 days) the final weight, feed intake, weight gain (WG), feed:gain ratio (FGR), protein efficiency rate (PER), energy efficiency rate, specific growth, survival rate and, body composition were evaluated. It was verified significant effect of protein level on the WG, with the best value at the level of 38.20 g 100 g-1 of crude protein. For FGR, the best estimated value occurred with 38.06 g 100 g-1 of crude protein, similar to that reported for the PER (38.91 g 100 g-1). The other performance parameters and body composition were not influenced by crude protein levels. Diet crude protein concentrations between 38.06 and 38.91 g 100 g-1 provide the best performance indices for juvenile mojarra.
RESUMO O crescimento da aquicultura brasileira tem estimulado o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva de espécies nativas, incluindo de ambiente marinho. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o desempenho dos juvenis de carapeba (Diapterus rhombeus) alimentados com rações contendo diferentes concentrações de proteína bruta (32, 36, 40 e 44 g 100 g-1), caracterizando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram distribuídos 80 juvenis (7,2 ± 1,5 g) de carapeba em 16 tanques circulares (150 L). Os peixes foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia. Após 60 dias, foram avaliados o peso final, o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso (GP), a conversão alimentar (CA), a taxa de eficiência proteica (TEP), a taxa de eficiência energética, o crescimento específico, a taxa de sobrevivência e a composição corporal dos peixes. Verificou-se efeito significativo do nível de proteína com o melhor valor de GP obtido com 38,20 g 100 g-1 de proteína bruta. Para a CA, o melhor valor estimado ocorreu com 38,06 g 100 g-1 de proteína bruta, próximo ao observado para o TEP (38,91 g 100 g-1). Os demais parâmetros de desempenho e de composição corporal não foram influenciados pelos níveis de proteína bruta. As concentrações de proteína bruta na dieta entre 38,06 e 38,91 g 100 g-1 promovem os melhores índices de desempenho de juvenis de carapeba.
This study was conducted to evaluate performance and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing byproducts aerial parts of cassava meal (Manihot esculenta), mesquite pod ...meal (Prosopis juliflora), cocoa meal (Theobroma cacao) and palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis) and to analyze the economic viability of the feed. A total of 1,350 juvenile males (100 g) were distributed in 15 cages (1 m³) in completely randomized design with five treatments (basal diet and four test diets) and three replicates. The following aspects were evaluated: final weight, total feed intake, total weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate, dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash body, the average cost of feed per kilogram of weight gain and economic efficiency rate. No differences were observed for total consumption of food or survival rate. For other variables, the inclusion of cocoa and cassava meal impaired fish performance. No differences were observed for dry matter, crude protein and body ash. The lower body fat accumulation was recorded for the tilapia fed palm kernel cake. The best economic indicators were found to diets containing palm kernel cake. The byproducts evaluated can be used up to 150 g/kg in feed formulation, providing good performance and economic rate for Nile tilapia.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de intensidades de pastejo e de frequências de desfolha na demografia e densidade de perfilhos de capim-braquiária (Urochloa decumbens syn. Brachiaria ...decumbens) sob lotação intermitente. Foram avaliados duas intensidades de pastejo (5 e 10 cm de altura pós-pastejo) e duas frequências de desfolha (período de descanso até que o dossel atingisse 95 e 100% de interceptação luminosa, IL), de agosto de 2007 a agosto de 2008. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se as densidades populacionais e as taxas de aparecimento e sobrevivência de perfilhos basais (DPPb, TAPb e TSPb, respectivamente) e aéreos+basais (DPPab, TAPab e TSPab). As maiores TAPb e TAPab, no outono, foram obtidas nos pastos desfolhados a 10 cm. Porém, no final da primavera e no verão, a intensidade de 5 cm resultou em maiores taxas, que promoveram maior DPPb. No verão, a TSPb foi maior para pastos manejados à intensidade de 10 cm. O manejo da pastagem que resulta em maiores DPPab, TAPab e TSPab, durante as épocas de rápido crescimento dos pastos, é o de 10 cm de intensidade de pastejo e 95% de IL de frequência de desfolha.
New highly productive guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus syn. Panicum maximum) cultivars have been released in Brazil and grazing trials are necessary to evaluate their carrying capacity and forage ...quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the liveweight gains of young Nellore bulls grazing 3 guineagrass cultivars under rotational stocking. The experiment was carried out in Planaltina (Federal District, Brazil) during a single rainy (November‒April) and dry (May‒August) season. Treatments were Massai (control), BRS Tamani and BRS Zuri cultivars. Zuri and Tamani pastures provided greater average daily liveweight gains (ADG) (0.38 and 0.42 kg/head, respectively) over the experimental period than Massai (0.28 kg/head). For all cultivars liveweight gains decreased markedly from May onwards at the beginning of the dry season. Nevertheless, bulls grazing Tamani and Zuri pastures still gained 0.20 kg/hd/d until late August, while those on Massai pastures gained only 0.08 kg/hd/d. The differences in ADGs can be explained to some extent by differences in quality of available forage. In vitro dry matter digestibility of plucked samples of Massai was 555 g/kg, compared with 621 g/kg for Tamani and 590 g/kg for Zuri. Crude protein concentration in plucked samples was also greater for Tamani and Zuri (71.9 and 74.2 g/kg, respectively) than for Massai (62.2 g/kg). As feed wastage was particularly high in Massai, further studies are needed to verify if higher stocking rates during the wet season could result in greater production of live weight per ha on this cultivar, assuming that ADG does not decrease further with the increased stocking rate.
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