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•This work presents the most wide-ranging investigation of coffee by-products.•Twenty compounds were found for the first time in coffee by-products.•Such by-products are a source of a ...range of bioactive compounds.•Five by-products showed caffeine and 5-CQA contents comparable to coffee beans.•Such matrices could be explored with potential economic and environmental benefits.
Approximately 11.4 million tonnes of solid by-products and an increased amount of waste water will be generated during the 2020/21 coffee harvest. There are currently no truly value-adding uses for these potentially environmentally threatening species. This work presents the most wide-ranging chemical investigation of coffee by-products collected from farms to factories, including eight never previously investigated. Twenty compounds were found for the first time in coffee by-products including the bioactive neomangiferin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, lup-20(29)-en-3-one and 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid. Five by-products generated inside a factory showed caffeine (53.0–17.0 mg.g−1) and/or chlorogenic acid (72.9–10.1 mg.g−1) content comparable to coffee beans, while mature leaf from plant pruning presented not only high contents of both compounds (16.4 and 38.9 mg.g-1, respectively), but also of mangiferin (19.4 mg.g-1) besides a variety of flavonoids. Such by-products are a source of a range of bioactive compounds and could be explored with potential economic and certainly environmental benefits.
As fossil-based resource depletion intensifies and the use of lignocellulosic biomass gains more and more momentum for the development of biorefineries, the production of furans has received a great ...deal of attention considering their outstanding synthetic possibilities. The production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is quite established in the recent scientific literature, with a large number of studies having been published in the last few years. Lately, there has been a growing interest in the synthesis of 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF) as a novel building block of similar molecular structure to that of HMF. CMF has some advantages, such as its production taking place at milder reaction conditions, a lower polarity that enables easier separation with the aid of organic media, and the presence of chlorine as a better leaving group in synthesis. Precisely the latter aspect has given rise to several interesting products to be obtained therefrom, including 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, and 5-methylfurfural, to name a few. This work covers the most relevant aspects related to the production of CMF and an array of synthetic possibilities. Through varied catalysts and reaction conditions, value-added products can be obtained from this chemical, thus highlighting the advances in the production and use of this chemical in recent years.
Soy is the major oilseed crop as soybeans are widely used to produce biofuel, food, and feed. Other parts of the plant are left on the ground after harvest. The accumulation of such by-products on ...the soil can cause environmental problems. This work presents for the first time a comprehensive metabolite profiling of soy by-products collected directly from the ground just after mechanical harvesting. A two-liquid-phase extraction using n-heptane and EtOH-H2O 7:3 (v/v) provided extracts with complete characterization by gas chromatography and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography both coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 146 metabolites, including flavones, flavonols, isoflavonoids, fatty acids, steroids, mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids, were tentatively identified in soy by-products and soybeans. These proved to be sources of a wide range of bioactive metabolites, thus suggesting that they could be valorized while reducing potential environmental damage in line with a circular economy model.
Soybeans are mainly used for food and biodiesel production. It is estimated that soy crops worldwide will leave about 651 million metric tons of branches, leaves, pods, and roots on the ground ...post-harvesting in 2022/23. These by-products might serve as largely available and cheap source of high added-value metabolites, such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. This work aimed to explore green approaches based on the use of pressurized and gas expanded-liquid extraction combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to achieve phenolic-rich extracts from soy by-products. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the generated extracts were quantified and compared with conventional solvents and techniques. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with choline chloride/citric acid/water (1:1:11 – molar ratio) at 120
°
C, 100 bar, and 20 min, resulted in an optimized condition to generate phenolic and flavonoid-rich fractions of soy by-products. The individual parts of soy were extracted under these conditions, with their metabolic profile obtained by UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS and potential antioxidant properties by ROS scavenging capacity. Extracts of soy roots presented the highest antioxidant capacity (207.48 ± 40.23 mg AA/g), three times higher than soybean extracts (68.96 ± 12.30). Furthermore, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) were applied to select natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (NaHDES) as substituents for
n
-heptane to defat soybeans. Extractions applying NaHDES candidates achieved a similar yield and chromatography profile (GC-QToF-MS) to
n
-heptane extracts.
The valorization of agri-food by-products is essential from both economic and sustainability perspectives. The large quantity of such materials causes problems for the environment; however, they can ...also generate new valuable ingredients and products which promote beneficial effects on human health. It is estimated that soybean production, the major oilseed crop worldwide, will leave about 597 million metric tons of branches, leaves, pods, and roots on the ground post-harvesting in 2020/21. An alternative for the use of soy-related by-products arises from the several bioactive compounds found in this plant. Metabolomics studies have already identified isoflavonoids, saponins, and organic and fatty acids, among other metabolites, in all soy organs. The present review aims to show the application of metabolomics for identifying high-added-value compounds in underused parts of the soy plant, listing the main bioactive metabolites identified up to now, as well as the factors affecting their production.
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•This work presents the most updated procedure to quantify bitter acids in hops.•It was developed considering traditional and sustainability parameters.•Complete separation of seven ...targeted compounds was achieved by UHPLC.•Much higher sample throughput was achieved when compared with reference methods.•Undesirable diethyl ether and methanol were replaced with dimethyl carbonate.
The main precursors of bitter principles of beer are α-acids, followed by β-acids. Determination of their content in hop cones and their derivatives is an essential part of brewing. HPLC-UV is the preferred technique when a more precise quantification of some specific bitter acids are required. However, current methods do not allow the proper quantification of all the six major α- and β-acids; furthermore, these multi-step methods generate considerable volumes of chemical waste. In this work, a new UHPLC-UV protocol was developed and compared side-by-side with reference, considering traditional and sustainability parameters. Baseline separations were achieved for the six major bitter acids and xanthohumol, while a greener and faster sample preparation procedure was developed. The new validated procedure could be adopted for quality control of hops and their derivative products with enhanced sample throughput and with a potential gain in the safety of the analyst.
This work presents the development of a strategy that integrates multivariate statistical analysis and concepts of green chemistry to obtain the chromatographic profile of Brazilian red wines by ...HPLC-PAD. An initial screening of variables was performed using fractional factorial design (2
IV
7–2
) to investigate the main parameters responsible for separating phenolic compounds. It was considered the initial and final % of bioethanol in the organic mobile phase, % acetic acid in aqueous mobile phase, flow rate, running time, type of column chemistry, and column temperature. The number of chromatographic bands was used as empiric response. The most important variables were selected to further optimization by Doehlert factorial design. The optimal condition was as follows: initial % of bioethanol=5%, final % of bioethanol=55%, column temperature= 51.8 °C, % acetic acid in H
2
O =0.1%, flow rate = 0.75 mL·min
−1
, time=30 min, and column chemical composition=Phenyl-Hexyl (X-Select). The optimized method allowed the separation of 24 chromatographic bands with signal/noise (S/N) higher than 100, a response at least 17% higher than observed in the screening step. The method allowed the separation and identification of the main compounds presented in red wines: gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid,
p
-coumaric acid, resveratrol, kaempferol, catechin, and epicatechin.
This study proposes a new methodology employing pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) assisted by gas-expanded liquid extraction (GXE) and high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) in-line with ...ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV–Vis) detection to obtain and analyze bioactive compounds from a coffee solid residue. The parameters evaluated for extracting the compounds were solvent (water, ethanol, and hydroethanolic mixtures), temperature (40, 80, and 120 °C), pressure provided by GXE (0, 0.5, and 1 MPa), and HIUS application time (2, 6, and 10 min). Tested conditions provided an extract with four main compounds: peak 1 (5-caffeoylquinic acid isomer candidate), 5-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and peak 4 (quinic acid derivative candidate). The solubility of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and caffeine was assessed by evaluating their activity coefficients across different proportions of ethanol and water, ranging from 0% to 100%, with increments of 10% employing in silico analysis. However, experimental results have shown that water is equally efficient as the hydroethanolic mixture and even more efficient than ethanol in extracting these compounds. The N2 added to the PLE system at 40 °C favored the acoustic cavitation phenomenon increasing the extraction yield of 5-CQA isomer and 5-CQA by approximately 18 and 38%, respectively. In-line analysis was conducted using a UV–vis detector, while offline analysis was performed with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector UPLC-PDA. Its comparison demonstrated that real-time (in-line) detections provided the most accurate qualitative extraction kinetic profile, as it considers the whole extract. Therefore, the coupling of extraction and analysis technologies enabled a faster process, ensuring a higher yield of bioactive compounds and their qualitative analysis using less solvent in a shorter time.
•GXE and HIUS assisted in the pressurized liquid extraction of caffeoylquinic acids.•40 °C allowed a better performance of the expansion gas and acoustic cavitation in the extractive media.•Activity coefficients indicated higher caffeine and 5-CQA acid solubility in 100% ethanol and 50:50 ethanol/water.•Water and the hydroethanolic mixture allowed higher extraction yields of 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeine than ethanol.•In-line analysis by the UV–Vis detector provided a fast, real-time method for monitoring the extraction kinetics.
Soya agricultural waste as a rich source of isoflavones Carneiro, Ariadne Magalhães; Moreira, Eduarda Antunes; Bragagnolo, Felipe Sanchez ...
Food research international,
April 2020, 2020-04-00, Letnik:
130
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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•Eight isoflavones were found in soya agricultural waste.•Soya waste contained 132% of the total isoflavones found in the soybeans.•Ethanol and acetone extracted a broader range of ...compounds than acetonitrile.•Apigenin and 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone were found in waste of soya crops.
Soybeans are among the world’s major crops responsible for food and biodiesel production, as well as a major source of isoflavones – a class of high value-added bioactive compounds. As estimated 460 million tonnes of soya residues (branches, leaves, roots, and pods) will be produced in the 2018/2019 harvest, and 20–40% of this waste must be removed from the field to ensure soil quality and minimize environmental impacts. This work investigated the potential occurrence and content of isoflavones in soya agricultural waste collected directly from the ground after mechanically harvesting. We also assessed the extraction performances of ethanol and acetone for these materials as an alternative to acetonitrile, a problematic solvent from an environmental point of view. Considerable amounts of isoflavones were found in soya agricultural waste collected directly from the ground when compared to soybeans (2.71 ± 0.27, 0.57 ± 0.1, 0.30 ± 0.05 and 2.09 ± 0.24 kg of isoflavones/tonne of leaves, branches, pods, and soybeans, respectively). The greener ethanol and acetone performed well for a broad range of compounds. This is an example in which appreciable amounts of high value-added compounds are wasted. Since isoflavones are considered phytoestrogens, their recovery from part of this waste might avoid potential contamination of soil and groundwater.
This study explored supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of bioactive molecules from Ammodaucus leucotrichus seeds, a little-known source of potent bioactive compounds. Response surface methodology ...assessed extraction parameters (pressure, temperature, and ethanol co-solvent) and their effects on global yield, total phenolic compound (TPC), total carbohydrate content (TCC), and anti-Alzheimer activity. Optimization via a Box-Behnken design identified the optimal conditions: 15 % ethanol, 300 bar, and 70 °C. Chemical profiling using GC-MS and UHPLC-q-tof-MS/MS detected over 41 metabolites. In addition, a biorefinery sequential extraction process was performed to obtain extracts with high neuroprotective potential. The SFE extracts exhibited modest AChE inhibition. Notably, sequential SFE and PLE extractions yielded extracts with enhanced antioxidant activity compared to separate processes. In conclusion, Ammodaucus leucotrichus presents a promising natural source of secondary metabolites. Its potential health benefits warrant further exploration, emphasizing the need for continued research.
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•Supercritical fluid extraction of Ammodaucus leucotrichus biomass optimized.•Biorrefinery process intensification combining SFE and PLE was set up.•Sequential SFE-PLE extracts showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity vs extracts from separate operations.•Composition evaluated by GC-MS and HPLC-MS.
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