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•Bran protein components isolated from wheat, barley and oat.•Protein degradation followed using an in vitro digestion system.•Bioactive peptides identified.
An alkaline extraction ...method has been used in many studies to extract total protein from cereal samples. Wheat bran protein concentrate (WBPC), oat bran protein concentrate (OBPC), and barley protein concentrate (BPC) were prepared by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation to study their functional and nutritional properties. The three protein concentrates were hydrolysed by an in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion model. Their digestibility (%) and degree of hydrolysis (DH%) were evaluated, and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to illustrate the protein and peptides patterns. The change of the particle sizes and the release of the essential amino acids was followed during the digestion process. The in vitro digestibility of WBPC, OBPC and BPC was 87.4%, 96.1% and 76.9%, respectively. The DH% of protein concentrates were between 50 and 60%. The change of the particle size distribution values Dv(50) was assumed to be related to protein aggregations during the digestion. The protein fractions were identified and the degradation during the digestion and were analysed by SDS-PAGE; the gels of WBPC and OBPC digestion showed virtually complete degradation whereas the intensive bands of undigested protein were presented for BPC. The generation of the free amino acids and short chain peptides were significantly higher at the end of the intestinal digestion compared to the stages of before and after gastric digestion. Higher content of the deficient amino acids such as lysine and threonine were found comparing to the level of deficient amino acids in cereal grains but does not meet the daily recommended intake.
Summary
In recent years, consumers have been demanding convenient and healthy foods which have ‘fresh‐like’ characteristics while still being safe and a long shelf‐life. These requirements are hard ...to achieve using existing traditional thermal food processing technologies and the innovative new food process and preservation technologies based on thermal processing systems are needed. However, non‐thermal technologies in food processing do not generate high temperature and use short treatment times. This means that the nutritional components of foodstuffs are better retained, and the sensory properties of foods are less changed compared with traditional thermal processing. The aim of this review was to present non‐thermal technologies applications and its mechanism in food industry in recently, and to explore the potential application prospects of combining non‐thermal treatments applied in food industry because it not only could overcomes the drawback of single technology, but also can enhances the processing efficiency at lower treatment intensity.
The main nonthermal technologies were used in the food processing, and the combining non‐thermal technologies will become the research direction.
The CRISPR/Cas9 technology enables the introduction of genomic alterations into almost any organism; however, systems for efficient and inducible gene modification have been lacking, especially for ...deletion of essential genes. Here, we describe a drug-inducible small guide RNA (sgRNA) vector system allowing for ubiquitous and efficient gene deletion in murine and human cells. This system mediates the efficient, temporally controlled deletion of MCL-1, both in vitro and in vivo, in human Burkitt lymphoma cell lines that require this anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein for sustained survival and growth. Unexpectedly, repeated induction of the same sgRNA generated similar inactivating mutations in the human Mcl-1 gene due to low mutation variability exerted by the accompanying non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) process. Finally, we were able to generate hematopoietic cell compartment-restricted Trp53-knockout mice, leading to the identification of cancer-promoting mutants of this critical tumor suppressor.
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•A lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 platform for the conditional targeting of essential genes•Efficient mutation of genes in mouse and human cell lines and primary mouse cells•Identification of cancer-promoting mutations in the tumor suppressor p53
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an exciting methodology for genetic modification. Aubrey et al. have advanced this technology by developing an inducible lentiviral system. This platform facilitates efficient gene targeting that permits phenotypic assessment following deletion of essential genes and identification of tumor-promoting mutations in vivo.
Summary
Consumer appeal for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) products is forecast to grow rapidly over the next 5 years as consumers demand convenient snacks with exciting sensory and textural properties. ...Extrusion technology has been used extensively in the production of cereal RTE snacks due to its ease of operation and ability to produce a variety of textures and shapes which appeal to consumers. Many of the existing RTE products are relatively high in sugar and salt, thus being regarded as energy dense but nutritionally poor foods. However, there exists a potential to manipulate the nutritional status of extruded RTEs by altering the digestion potentials of starch and protein, and by the incorporation of bioactive components such as dietary fibre. The review article explores some of the recent research in this field and illustrates opportunities by which the global food industry could react to consumers' requirements for healthful RTE snack products in the coming years.
Reduction of IU(NHAriPr6)2 (AriPr6 = 2,6-(2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)2C6H3) results in a rare example of a U(II) complex, U(NHAriPr6)2, and the first example that is a neutral species. Here, we show ...spectroscopic and magnetic studies that suggest a 5f46d0 valence electronic configuration for uranium, along with characterization of related U(III) complexes.
Catalysis by high-valent metals such as titanium(IV) impacts our lives daily through reactions like olefin polymerization. In any catalysis, optimization involves a careful choice of not just the ...metal but also the ancillary ligands. Because these choices dramatically impact the electronic structure of the system and, in turn, catalyst performance, new tools for catalyst development are needed. Understanding ancillary ligand effects is arguably one of the most critical aspects of catalyst optimization and, while parameters for phosphines have been used for decades with low-valent systems, a comparable system does not exist for high-valent metals. A new electronic parameter for ligand donation, derived from experiments on a high-valent chromium species, is now available. Here, we show that the new parameters enable quantitative determination of ancillary ligand effects on catalysis rate and, in some cases, even provide mechanistic information. Analysing reactions in this way can be used to design better catalyst architectures and paves the way for the use of such parameters in a host of high-valent processes.
Whey protein isolate-chlorophyll (WPI-CH) microcapsules at different WPI ratios via spray drying were created to improve water solubility and biological stability of chlorophyll. Samples at a higher ...ratio of WPI resulted in a lower moisture content (1.14 ± 0.12% to 2.47 ± 0.09%), higher chlorophyll encapsulation efficiency (98.34 ± 0.03% to 99.76 ± 0.02%) and greater chlorophyll solubility (79.29 ± 0.07% to 82.24 ± 0.03%). The results of fluorescence and FT-IR spectra showed that the pyrrole ring of chlorophyll became bound to the hydrophobic residues of WPI leading to a change in the crystalline structure of chlorophyll, probably due to the formation of soluble complexes of WPI-CH. In addition, the antioxidant activity of fresh WPI-CH samples, and those stored for 6 months, increased by 19.75% and 18.51% respectively compared to WPI (p < 0.05). Therefore, WPI-CH prepared by the higher ratio of WPI can be used as a potential natural food additive because of its good antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties, especially water-solubility and stability.
•WPI-chlorophyll microcapsules were successfully obtained by spray drying.•The better of encapsulation efficiency and solubility of microcapsule was obtained by 15% WPI.•Encapsulation can protect the biological stability and antioxidant activity of chlorophyll.
Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (also known as gastro-resistant dimethyl fumarate), an oral therapeutic containing dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as the active ingredient, is currently approved for the ...treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. DMF is also a component in a distinct mixture product with 3 different salts of monoethyl fumarate (MEF), which is marketed for the treatment of psoriasis. Previous studies have provided insight into the pharmacologic properties of DMF, including modulation of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway, and glutathione (GSH) modulation; however, those of MEF remain largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of DMF and MEF on KEAP1 modification, activation of the NRF2 pathway, and GSH conjugation. Using mass spectrometry, DMF treatment resulted in a robust modification of specific cysteine residues on KEAP1. In comparison, the overall degree of KEAP1 modification following MEF treatment was significantly less or undetectable. Consistent with KEAP1 cysteine modification, DMF treatment resulted in nuclear translocation of NRF2 and a robust transcriptional response in treated cells, as did MEF; however, the responses to MEF were of a lower magnitude or distinct compared to DMF. DMF was also shown to produce an acute concentration-dependent depletion of GSH; however, GSH levels eventually recovered and rose above baseline by 24 hours. In contrast, MEF did not cause acute reductions in GSH, but did produce an increase by 24 hours. Overall, these studies demonstrate that DMF and MEF are both pharmacologically active, but have differing degrees of activity as well as unique actions. These differences would be expected to result in divergent effects on downstream biology.
Implant-associated infection is a major source of morbidity in orthopaedic surgery. There has been extensive research into the development of materials that prevent biofilm formation, and hence, ...reduce the risk of infection. Silver nanoparticle technology is receiving much interest in the field of orthopaedics for its antimicrobial properties, and the results of studies to date are encouraging. Antimicrobial effects have been seen when silver nanoparticles are used in trauma implants, tumour prostheses, bone cement, and also when combined with hydroxyapatite coatings. Although there are promising results with in vitro and in vivo studies, the number of clinical studies remains small. Future studies will be required to explore further the possible side effects associated with silver nanoparticles, to ensure their use in an effective and biocompatible manner. Here we present a review of the current literature relating to the production of nanosilver for medical use, and its orthopaedic applications.
Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity will fuel resilience in the geologically unprecedented warming and acidification of the earth's oceans, however, we have much to learn about the ...interactions and costs of these mechanisms of resilience. Here, using 20 generations of experimental evolution followed by three generations of reciprocal transplants, we investigated the relationship between adaptation and plasticity in the marine copepod, Acartia tonsa, in future global change conditions (high temperature and high CO
). We found parallel adaptation to global change conditions in genes related to stress response, gene expression regulation, actin regulation, developmental processes, and energy production. However, reciprocal transplantation showed that adaptation resulted in a loss of transcriptional plasticity, reduced fecundity, and reduced population growth when global change-adapted animals were returned to ambient conditions or reared in low food conditions. However, after three successive transplant generations, global change-adapted animals were able to match the ambient-adaptive transcriptional profile. Concurrent changes in allele frequencies and erosion of nucleotide diversity suggest that this recovery occurred via adaptation back to ancestral conditions. These results demonstrate that while plasticity facilitated initial survival in global change conditions, it eroded after 20 generations as populations adapted, limiting resilience to new stressors and previously benign environments.
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