Despite the widespread increase in the incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EoCRC), the reasons for this increase remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for ...the development of EoCRC.
We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies examining non-genetic risk factors for EoCRC, including demographic factors, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted for risk factors that were examined in at least three studies. Heterogeneity was investigated using the Q-test and I
statistic.
From 3304 initial citations, 20 studies were included in this review. Significant risk factors for EoCRC included CRC history in a first-degree relative (RR 4.21, 95% CI 2.61-6.79), hyperlipidemia (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.22-2.13), obesity (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.01-2.35), and alcohol consumption (high vs. non-drinkers) (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.62-1.80). While smoking was suggestive as a risk factor, the association was not statistically significant (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.81-2.25). With the exception of alcohol consumption, there was considerable heterogeneity among studies (I
> 60%). Other potential risk factors included hypertension, metabolic syndrome, ulcerative colitis, chronic kidney disease, dietary factors, sedentary behaviour, and occupational exposure to organic dusts, but these were only examined in one or two studies.
The results of this study advance the understanding of the etiology of EoCRC. High-quality studies conducted on generalizable populations and that comprehensively examine risk factors for EoCRC are required to inform primary and secondary prevention strategies.
In order to review the epidemiologic evidence concerning previous lung diseases as risk factors for lung cancer, a meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted.
Relevant studies were identified ...through MEDLINE searches. Using random effects models, summary effects of specific previous conditions were evaluated separately and combined. Stratified analyses were conducted based on smoking status, gender, control sources and continent.
A previous history of COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema conferred relative risks (RR) of 2.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 2.97) (from 16 studies), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.25, 1.84) (from 23 studies) and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.72, 2.41) (from 20 studies), respectively, and for all these diseases combined 1.80 (95% CI: 1.60, 2.11) (from 39 studies). The RR of lung cancer for subjects with a previous history of pneumonia was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.22-1.68) (from 22 studies) and for subjects with a previous history of tuberculosis was 1.76 (95% CI=1.49, 2.08), (from 30 studies). Effects were attenuated when restricting analysis to never smokers only for COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis (RR=1.22, 0.97-1.53), however remained significant for pneumonia 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.69) (from 8 studies) and tuberculosis 1.90 (95% CI: 1.45, 2.50) (from 11 studies).
Previous lung diseases are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer with the evidence among never smokers supporting a direct relationship between previous lung diseases and lung cancer.
Monolayer van der Waals (vdW) magnets provide an exciting opportunity for exploring two-dimensional (2D) magnetism for scientific and technological advances, but the intrinsic ferromagnetism has only ...been observed at low temperatures. Here, we report the observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in manganese selenide (MnSe x ) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Magnetic and structural characterization provides strong evidence that, in the monolayer limit, the ferromagnetism originates from a vdW manganese diselenide (MnSe2) monolayer, while for thicker films it could originate from a combination of vdW MnSe2 and/or interfacial magnetism of α-MnSe(111). Magnetization measurements of monolayer MnSe x films on GaSe and SnSe2 epilayers show ferromagnetic ordering with a large saturation magnetization of ∼4 Bohr magnetons per Mn, which is consistent with the density functional theory calculations predicting ferromagnetism in monolayer 1T-MnSe2. Growing MnSe x films on GaSe up to a high thickness (∼40 nm) produces α-MnSe(111) and an enhanced magnetic moment (∼2×) compared to the monolayer MnSe x samples. Detailed structural characterization by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) reveals an abrupt and clean interface between GaSe(0001) and α-MnSe(111). In particular, the structure measured by STEM is consistent with the presence of a MnSe2 monolayer at the interface. These results hold promise for potential applications in energy efficient information storage and processing.
•Fast Fourier transform simulations have been conducted on large grain aggregates to simulate the in-reactor behavior of recrystallized of zirconium alloys.•The local constitutive behavior takes into ...account the evolution of irradiation defects and especially c-loops.•The model is adjusted on irradiation creep tests and the macroscopic irradiation growth is correctly predicted from the irradiation defects evolution.•A quantitative relationship between the microstructure of c-loops and growth strain is achieved for the first time.
Fuel cladding and structural components made of zirconium alloys, used in light and heavy water nuclear reactors, exhibit, during normal operation, significant in-reactor deformation. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) simulations have been conducted on large grain aggregates to simulate the in-reactor behavior of recrystallized Zircaloy-4. Original constitutive equations have been proposed to account, at the microscopic scale, for thermal creep, irradiation creep and irradiation induced growth. The evolution of irradiation defects with irradiation is taken into account, especially to deduce the local growth strain. A good description of the in-reactor behavior is obtained with irradiation defects evolution consistent with Transmission Electron Microscopy observations. The FFT simulations are compared to a self-consistent model. A good agreement is obtained when the behavior is linear (irradiation creep and growth) while the nonlinear response (thermal creep) is underestimated by the self-consistent model. The FFT simulations are also compared to the lower-bound model which neglects the interactions between grains. The lower-bound model underestimates the growth strain proving the importance of using an accurate polycrystalline model to predict the growth strain from the knowledge of the irradiation defect evolution.
Population-based cancer screening can reduce cancer burden but was interrupted temporarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated the long-term clinical impact of breast and colorectal cancer ...screening interruptions in Canada using a validated mathematical model.
We used the OncoSim breast and colorectal cancers microsimulation models to explore scenarios of primary screening stops for 3, 6, and 12 months followed by 6-24-month transition periods of reduced screening volumes. For breast cancer, we estimated changes in cancer incidence over time, additional advanced-stage cases diagnosed, and excess cancer deaths in 2020-2029. For colorectal cancer, we estimated changes in cancer incidence over time, undiagnosed advanced adenomas and colorectal cancers in 2020, and lifetime excess cancer incidence and deaths.
Our simulations projected a surge of cancer cases when screening resumes. For breast cancer screening, a three-month interruption could increase cases diagnosed at advanced stages (310 more) and cancer deaths (110 more) in 2020-2029. A six-month interruption could lead to 670 extra advanced cancers and 250 additional cancer deaths. For colorectal cancers, a six-month suspension of primary screening could increase cancer incidence by 2200 cases with 960 more cancer deaths over the lifetime. Longer interruptions, and reduced volumes when screening resumes, would further increase excess cancer deaths.
Interruptions in cancer screening will lead to additional cancer deaths, additional advanced cancers diagnosed, and a surge in demand for downstream resources when screening resumes. An effective strategy is needed to minimize potential harm to people who missed their screening.
Purpose
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to estimate cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality among cancer survivors associated with both short (typically 5 or ...6 h/night) and long (typically 9 or 10 h/night) sleep duration (versus recommendations), separately by sex, cancer site, and sampling frame.
Methods
We completed a systematic literature search in five databases and captured relevant literature published through December 2018. Two reviewers independently screened 9,823 records and 32 studies were included representing over 73,000 deaths in cancer survivors. Estimates for short and long sleep duration compared to ‘recommended’ were pooled using random-effects models.
Results
Pooled hazards ratios for short and long sleep duration for all-cancer-specific mortality were 1.03 (95% CI 1.00–1.06) and 1.09 (95% CI 1.04–1.13), respectively. In subgroup analyses by cancer site, statistically significant increased risks were found for both short and long sleep durations for lung cancer-specific mortality. These associations were maintained when stratified by sex and sampling frame. There were no statistically significant associations found between either short or long sleep duration and breast, colorectal, ovarian, or prostate cancer-specific mortality. Statistically significant increases in all-cause mortality were observed with long sleep duration in breast cancer survivors (1.38; 95% CI 1.16–1.64) with no significant associations found for colorectal or liver/pancreatic cancers.
Conclusions
We observed that long sleep duration increases cancer-specific mortality for all-cancers and lung cancers, while all-cause mortality is increased for breast cancer survivors. Limitations were found within the existing literature that need to be addressed in future studies in order to improve the understanding regarding the exact magnitude of the effect between sleep duration and site-specific mortality.
The importance of body size versus weight distribution for cancer risk is unclear. We investigated associations between measures of body size and shape and the risk of developing cancer. The study ...population consisted of 26,607 participants from the Alberta's Tomorrow Project cohort. Two main measures of body shape and size were examined: i) body mass index (BMI) and ii) waist circumference (WC). Incident cancers were identified via linkage to the Alberta Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards models were used. Males and females classified as obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg /m
) have a 33% and 22% increased risk of all-cancer, respectively, than their normal weight counterparts. Similar all-cancer risk increases are observed for those above sex-specific WC guidelines. Mutual adjustment for WC attenuates the association between BMI and all-cancer risk, especially among females. Central adiposity appears to be a stronger predictor of all-cancer risk than body size.
The role of circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) in carcinogenesis has garnered considerable scientific interest. miRNAs may contribute actively to cancer development and progression, making them potential ...targets for cancer prevention and therapy. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) have been shown to alter c-miRNA expression, but the subsequent impact on cancer risk and prognosis is unknown. To provide a better understanding of how PA reduces the risk of cancer incidence and improves patient outcomes, we conducted a review of the impact of PA on c-miRNA expression, which includes a comprehensive synthesis of studies examining the impacts of acute and chronic exercise on expression of c-miRNAs. While the variability in methods used to assess miRNA expression creates challenges in comparing and/or synthesizing the literature, results to date suggest that the circulating form of several miRNAs known for playing a role in cancer (c-miR-133, c-miR-221/222, c-miR-126, and c-let-7) are altered by both acute and chronic PA. Additional research should develop standardized procedures for assessing both c-miRNA and PA measurement to improve the comparability of research results regarding the direction and amplitude of changes in c-miRNAs in response to PA.
.
In remote-sensing applications, the monitoring of urban areas by means of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors has grown into a valuable and indispensable tool. Although SAR imaging with a spatial ...resolution down to 1 m is widespread, a resolution as fine as 10 cm and below is offered only by very few SAR sensors worldwide. In this paper, the potential of very high-resolution radar imaging of urban areas by means of SAR and interferometric imaging will be demonstrated and discussed. Results of urban SAR imaging down to subdecimeter resolution will be shown. Even though the immanent layover situation in urban areas is an obstacle to simple image understanding, a remedy can be found by using interferometric SAR imaging. Interferometric results based on very high-resolution SAR images acquired over urban areas, partially with a severe layover situation, will be presented. The corresponding data was acquired with the phased array multifunctional imaging radar (PAMIR), the X-band demonstrator of the Research Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques (FHR), Forschungsgesellschaft fur Angewandte Naturwissenschaften (FGAN), Wachtberg, Germany. It can be stated that high-resolution interferometric SAR will be an important basis for upcoming radar-based urban analysis.
Innate immune response and particularly terminal complement complex (TCC) deposition are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. However, the possible role of TCC ...in regulated cell death as well as chondrocyte hypertrophy and senescence has not been unraveled so far and was first addressed using an ex vivo human cartilage trauma-model.
Cartilage explants were subjected to blunt impact (0.59 J) and exposed to human serum (HS) and cartilage homogenate (HG) with or without different potential therapeutics: RIPK1-inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec), caspase-inhibitor zVAD, antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and TCC-inhibitors aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and clusterin (CLU). Cell death and hypertrophy/senescence-associated markers were evaluated on mRNA and protein level.
Addition of HS resulted in significantly enhanced TCC deposition on chondrocytes and decrease of cell viability after trauma. This effect was potentiated by HG and was associated with expression of RIPK3, MLKL and CASP8. Cytotoxicity of HS could be prevented by heat-inactivation or specific inhibitors, whereby combination of Nec and zVAD as well as ATA exhibited highest cell protection. Moreover, HS+HG exposition enhanced the gene expression of CXCL1, IL-8, RUNX2 and VEGFA as well as secretion of IL-6 after cartilage trauma.
Our findings imply crucial involvement of the complement system and primarily TCC in regulated cell death and phenotypic changes of chondrocytes after cartilage trauma. Inhibition of TCC formation or downstream signaling largely modified serum-induced pathophysiologic effects and might therefore represent a therapeutic target to maintain the survival and chondrogenic character of cartilage cells.
PDF
