Zoonotic monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; BV) infections are extremely serious and usually fatal. Drugs currently used for treatment were developed for the treatment of herpes simplex ...virus but are less effective against BV. Effective suppression of viral replication
in the skin could prevent the virus from invading the nervous system. To test this hypothesis, the efficacy of topical administration of several drugs against lethal BV infection was evaluated in female BALB/c mice that were infected by scarification. Drugs were then applied to the site of
inoculation. As 3% preparations, most drugs were only minimally effective or ineffective. In contrast, ganciclovir and cidofovir were very effective. The ED50 for cidofovir was 0.007%, compared with 1.1% for ganciclovir. At 0.5%, cidofovir protected against both death and neurologic
signs, whereas 5% ganciclovir only protected against death but not neurologic involvement. All genotypes of BV were equally susceptible to cidofovir and ganciclovir. For maximal effectiveness, treatment with both cidofovir and ganciclovir had to be initiated within 8 h of infection. Cidofovir
was completely protective when administered only on the day of infection, whereas a minimum of 5 d of treatment was required for maximal ganciclovir efficacy. These studies showed that topical cidofovir treatment started soon after BV exposure was very effective in preventing BV from invading
the nervous system, whereas ganciclovir treatment was only partially effective. In addition, cidofovir was protective against a ganciclovir-resistant BV mutant, whereas ganciclovir was not. These studies showed that topical cidofovir treatment started soon after BV exposure is more effective
than ganciclovir in preventing BV from invading the CNS.
A large, pedunculated cutaneous mass protruding from the left flank fold and an enlarged left prefemoral lymph node were found on examination of a 3-d-old crossbred Aberdeen Angus heifer. The calf ...was asymptomatic aside from peripheral lymphadenopathy, and the mass, along with the left prefemoral lymph node, was surgically excised. Histologic examination of the mass and the lymph node revealed a homogeneous population of neoplastic cells that stained positively with immunohistochemical stains S100 and melan A, supporting a diagnosis of congenital amelanotic melanoma with nodal metastasis. Two months later, the calf became acutely recumbent and was euthanized after clinical examination revealed widespread metastasis. Gross autopsy revealed widely disseminated metastases that involved vertebral bodies, spinal cord, heart, kidneys, lungs, oral mucosa, multiple lymph nodes, and the marrow cavity of several long bones. Our case serves as a reminder that, although rare, congenital neoplasms occur in bovids and have the potential for aggressive, metastatic behavior.
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J for the treatment of calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). ANIMALS 12 healthy dairy ...calves. PROCEDURES For each calf, a grid keratotomy was performed on both eyes immediately before inoculation with Moraxella bovis hemolytic strain Epp63-300 (n = 11 calves) or nonhemolytic strain 12040577 (1 calf). For each calf inoculated with M bovis Epp63-300, the eyes were randomly assigned to receive an artificial tear solution with (treatment group) or without (control group) lyophilized B bacteriovorus 109J. Six doses of the assigned treatment (0.2 mL/eye, topically, q 48 h) were administered to each eye. On nontreatment days, eyes were assessed and corneal swab specimens and tear samples were collected for bacterial culture. Calves were euthanized 12 days after M bovis inoculation. The eyes were harvested for gross and histologic evaluation and bacterial culture. RESULTS The calf inoculated with M bovis 12040577 did not develop corneal ulcers. Of the 22 eyes inoculated with M bovis Epp63-300, 18 developed corneal ulcers consistent with IBK within 48 hours after inoculation; 4 of those eyes developed secondary corneal ulcers that were not consistent with IBK. Corneal ulcer size and severity and the time required for ulcer healing did not differ between the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that B bacteriovorus 109J was not effective for the treatment of IBK; however, the experimental model used produced lesions that did not completely mimic naturally occurring IBK.
Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma in a Cat Moorer, Jeremiah D; Breshears, Melanie A; Dugat, Danielle R
The Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,
2016 Jul-Aug, Letnik:
52, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A 14 yr old castrated domestic shorthair cat presented for a fluid-filled structure in the ventral cervical region that had been present for 1 yr and had not resolved after repeated aspiration and ...drainage. Cervical computed tomography showed an approximately 10 cm, fluid-filled, multilobulated mass located on the ventrolateral right side of the cervical region extending into the thoracic inlet. Cytologic examination of the fluid revealed cystic fluid with evidence of chronic hemorrhage. The mass was surgically removed, and histopathologic examination revealed a thyroglossal duct carcinoma. Thyroid and parathyroid gland origin were ruled out by negative immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and synaptophysin. No adjunctive treatment was performed and no recurrence was noted at 14 mo. Thyroglossal duct carcinoma has not been previously reported in a cat. There are two previous reports of squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroglossal duct in dogs. In humans, with complete removal and no evidence of metastasis, carcinoma of the thyroglossal duct has a good prognosis for recovery.
Fine‐needle aspirates from a perianal mass on an 8‐year‐old, intact male, Miniature Poodle presenting for tenesmus showed a uniform population of well‐differentiated hepatoid cells with no notable ...criteria of malignancy. The cytologic diagnosis was a perianal gland tumor, with adenoma likely given the cytomorphology. The abdominal ultrasound revealed multiple, markedly enlarged, intra‐abdominal lymph nodes. LN aspirates also showed well‐differentiated polygonal, hepatoid cells displaying no notable cellular atypia. The presence of the metastasis led to the interpretation of a well‐differentiated, malignant perianal gland tumor despite the benign cellular appearance. Histopathology of the surgically excised perianal mass and one enlarged abdominal lymph node revealed lobules of uniform polygonal hepatoid cells arranged in organized islands and trabeculae surrounded by a single layer of uniform reserve cells. Few mitotic figures were present. The only histopathologic indication of malignancy within the primary mass was the presence of small islands of well‐differentiated hepatoid cells infiltrating into adjacent tissue and possible lymphatic invasion. The histopathologic diagnosis was perianal gland adenocarcinoma. Most textbooks describe perianal gland adenocarcinomas as showing increased cellular atypia including pleomorphism, disorganization of hepatoid cells, and increased numbers of pleomorphic reserve cells with mitotic figures. This case is an example of the occurrence of a well‐differentiated perianal gland tumor with metastasis and highlights the importance of realizing that with these tumors, a benign cytologic and histologic appearance may not correlate with biologic behavior. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case reporting both the cytologic and histologic appearance of a well‐differentiated metastatic hepatoid gland tumor.
A 13‐year‐old, castrated male Maine Coon cat was presented to Oklahoma State University Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for yearly echocardiographic examination monitoring hypertrophic ...cardiomyopathy (HCM) diagnosed in 2003. Physical examination revealed a heart murmur and premature beats, likely related to HCM, but was otherwise unremarkable. A biochemistry profile revealed a hyperglobulinemia (6.3 g/dL). Cytologic examination of fine‐needle aspirates from liver and spleen revealed increased numbers of plasma cells and mast cells, confirmed with subsequent histologic examination. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for c‐kit in the spleen and liver showed mast cells predominantly exhibiting type I staining pattern, with moderate numbers exhibiting type II pattern in spleen, and scattered cells exhibiting type II and III patterns in liver. Bone marrow cytology and core biopsy documented approximately 22% plasma cells. Cutaneous masses on the cat's left shoulder and right carpus were cytologically confirmed mast cell tumors. Serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation confirmed an IgG monoclonal gammopathy. This is an example of 2 hematologic neoplasms occurring simultaneously in a cat. Concurrent pathologies may be overlooked if a single disease is diagnosed and suspected of causing all clinical signs. Both neoplasms were well differentiated, and neoplastic cells could have easily been interpreted as a reactive population had a full workup not been performed. Missing either diagnosis could result in a potentially lethal outcome. Eleven months after diagnoses, the cat was clinically doing well following a splenectomy and oral prednisolone and chlorambucil chemotherapy. Globulins decreased to 4.9 g/dL.
Objective
To describe 2 cases of acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in indoor domestic cats infected by anthroponotic transmission of pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus from their owners.
Case ...Series Summary
Two indoor domestic shorthair cats from the same household were evaluated for acute onset of respiratory distress. The owners had been recovering from flu‐like illness at the time of presentation. Venous blood gas showed increased pvCO2 while thoracic radiographs revealed severe bronchointerstitial to alveolar patterns in both cats. The cats were treated with oxygen supplementation, antimicrobials, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation (1 cat), and supportive care. Despite initial improvement in the clinical condition of each cat, respiratory function deteriorated and ultimately both cats were euthanized. Gross and histopathologic examination confirmed diffuse, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 viral testing by real time PCR was positive in 1 cat.
New or Unique Information Provided
These cases provide further evidence that domestic felids are susceptible to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus, and the literature is briefly reviewed for treatment recommendations. H1N1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis for domestic cats presenting with peracute to acute onset of respiratory distress in the right context. While human‐to‐cat transmission of H1N1 seems probable in several reported cases, cat‐to‐human transmission has not been identified.
CASE DESCRIPTION-13 equids (10 horses, 2 donkeys, and 1 pony) were examined for signs of colic (n = 7), weight loss (6), anorexia (3), and diarrhea (2). Ten equids were evaluated in the fall ...(September to November). Seven equids had a history of persimmon ingestion. CLINICAL FINDINGS-A diagnosis of phytobezoar caused by persimmon ingestion was made for all equids. Eight equids had gastric persimmon phytobezoars; 5 had enteric persimmon phytobezoars. Gastroscopy or gastroduodenoscopy revealed evidence of persimmon ingestion in 8 of 10 equids in which these procedures were performed. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME-2 of 13 equids were euthanatized prior to treatment. Supportive care was instituted in 11 of 13 equids, including IV administration of fluids (n = 8) and treatment with antimicrobials (5), NSAIDs (5), and gastric acid suppressants (4). Persimmon phytobezoar-specific treatments included dietary modification to a pelleted feed (n = 8); oral or nasogastric administration of cola or diet cola (4), cellulase (2), or mineral oil (2); surgery (4); and intrapersimmon phytobezoar injections with acetylcysteine (1). Medical treatment in 5 of 7 equids resulted in resolution of gastric persimmon phytobezoars. Seven of 8 equids with gastric persimmon phytobezoars and 1 of 5 equids with enteric persimmon phytobezoars survived > 1 year after hospital discharge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Historical knowledge of persimmon ingestion in equids with gastrointestinal disease warrants gastroduodenoscopy for evaluation of the presence of persimmon phytobezoars. In equids with gastric persimmon phytobezoars, medical management (including administration of cola or diet cola and dietary modification to a pelleted feed) may allow for persimmon phytobezoar dissolution.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes, was first described in Scotland as the agent of tick-borne fever in sheep and more recently as the cause of human granulocytic ...anaplasmosis in the U.S. and Europe. We previously reported sheep as an experimental host for the human NY-18 isolate of A. phagocytophilum. While clinical signs were not observed and infected granulocytes were not seen in stained blood smears, these sheep served as a good host for infection of ticks. In this research we characterized tick feeding sites to better understand tick/host/pathogen interactions. Ixodes scapularis adults were allowed to feed for 2 and 4 days on experimentally infected sheep, after which biopsies were taken beneath tick feeding sites for histopathology, PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. In addition, the expression of selected immune response genes was studied in blood and feeding site biopsies. While necrosis was too advanced in 4-day biopsies for accurate cell counts, higher numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils were found in 2-day biopsies from infected sheep as compared with the uninfected controls. An unexpected result was the documentation of higher dermal inflammation in infected sheep at sites without ticks. A. phagocytophilum infected granulocytes were localized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in skin biopsies using rabbit antibodies against the recombinant A. phagocytophilum major surface protein 4 as the primary antibody for indirect peroxidase-anti-peroxidase and fluorescent antibody IHC. These infected cells are likely to be the source of infection for ticks. Sheep therefore served as good hosts for studying host/pathogen/tick interactions of this human strain of A. phagocytophilum, and provided a means of producing infected ticks for future studies on tick/pathogen developmental and transmission cycles.
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