Context. Obscuration in high-redshift quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) has a profound impact on our understanding of the evolution of supermassive black holes across cosmic time. An accurate ...quantification of its relevance is therefore mandatory. Aims. We present a study aimed at evaluating the importance of obscuration in high-redshift jetted QSOs, that is, active nuclei characterised by the presence of powerful relativistic jets. Methods. We compared the observed number of radio-detected QSOs at different radio flux density limits with the value predicted by the beaming model on the basis of the number of oriented sources (blazars). Any significant deficit between observations and predictions of radio-detected QSOs can be caused by the presence of obscuration along large angles from the jet direction. We applied this approach to two sizeable samples characterised by the same optical limit (mag = 21) but with significantly different radio density limits (30 mJy and 1 mJy, respectively) and containing a total of 87 independent radio-loud 4 ≤ z ≤ 6.8 QSOs, 31 of which are classified as blazars. Results. We found generally good agreement between the numbers predicted by the model and those actually observed, with only a marginal discrepancy at ∼0.5 mJy that could be caused by the sample’s lack of completeness. We concluded that we have no evidence of obscuration within angles 10–20° from the relativistic jet direction. We also discuss how the ongoing deep wide-angle radio surveys will be instrumental to testing the presence of obscuration at much larger angles, up to 30–35°. Finally, we suggest that, depending on the actual fraction of obscured QSOs, relativistic jets could be much more common at high redshifts compared to what is usually observed in the local Universe.
•FLC assay is recommended for diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies.•Several tests are available in the clinical laboratory to detect and quantify FLC.•The results are variable and ...poorly harmonized and standardized.•The combination of different approaches might be useful for diagnostic purposes.•Novel methods might be useful for a significant diagnostic and clinical impact.
The detection and quantification of immunoglobulin free light chains in serum and urine is recommended for the diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies according to the guidelines of the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG). Several tests are currently available in the clinical laboratory to detect and quantify free light chains but although quality, efficiency, and effectiveness have been improved, the results are still variable and poorly harmonized and standardized. The present review article wants to analyze these aspects, with a keen eye on techniques, such as mass spectrometry, that could replace in the practical clinical laboratory the current methods including Bence-Jones protein assay and free light chain immunoassays.
Context.
GRB 211106A and GRB 211227A are two recent gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) whose initial X-ray position enabled us to possibly associate them with bright, low-redshift galaxies (
z
< 0.7). The ...prompt emission properties suggest that GRB 211106A is a genuine short-duration GRB and GRB 211227A is a short GRB with extended emission. Therefore, they are likely to be produced by a compact binary merger. However, a classification based solely on the prompt emission properties can be misleading.
Aims.
The possibility of having two short GRBs occurring in the local Universe makes them ideal targets for the search of associated kilonova (KN) emission and for detailed studies of the host galaxy properties.
Methods.
We carried out deep optical and near-infrared (NIR) follow-up with the ESO-VLT FORS2, HAWK-I, and MUSE instruments for GRB 211106A and with ESO-VLT FORS2 and X-shooter for GRB 211227A, starting from hours after the X-ray afterglow discovery up to days later. We performed photometric analysis to look for afterglow and KN emissions associated with the bursts, together with imaging and spectroscopic observations of the host galaxy candidates. We compared the results obtained from the optical/NIR observations with the available
Swift
X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and others high-energy data of both events.
Results.
For both GRBs we placed deep limits to the optical/NIR afterglow and KN emission. We identified their associated host galaxies, GRB 211106A at a photometric redshift
z
= 0.64, GRB 211227A at a spectroscopic
z
= 0.228. From MUSE and X-shooter spectra we derived the host galaxy properties, which turned out to be consistent with short GRBs typical hosts. We also compared the properties of GRB 211106A and GRB 211227A with those of the short GRBs belonging to the S-BAT4 sample, here extended up to December 2021, in order to further investigate the nature of these two bursts.
Conclusions.
Our study of the prompt and afterglow phase of the two GRBs, together with the analysis of their associated host galaxies, allows us to confirm the classification of GRB 211106A as a short GRB, and GRB 211227A as a short GRB with extended emission. The absence of an optical/NIR counterpart down to deep magnitude limits is likely due to high local extinction for GRB 211106A and a peculiarly faint kilonova for GRB 211227A.
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) membranes can adsorb a wide variety of uremic toxins including serum free light chains (sFLC). However, limited data are available regarding the clinical use of PMMA in ...multiple myeloma patients and its maximum adsorption capacity in this setting.
This study aimed to measure the capacity of PMMA to adsorb sFLC and identify strategies to improve its efficiency in clinical practice.
Ten patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure and high levels of sFLC were included in the study. Five patients received standard PMMA hemodialysis (HD; n = 18), while in the other 5 patients a new technique called enhanced adsorption dialysis (EAD) was used, which involves PMMA dialyzer replacement after 2 h (n = 19). In all patients, sFLC were measured at the beginning and at the end of each dialysis session to calculate the difference between start and end of treatment and the percentage removal.
PMMA membranes reduced sFLC in both the PMMA HD and EAD groups. PMMA HD showed similar efficiency on κ and λ percentage removal (22.3 and 21.0%, respectively, n.s.) but, in contrast, had a significantly greater effect on the delta of sFLC in κ 1,555 mg/l (-511 to +6,027) versus λ 390 mg/l (120-650) treatments (p = 0.007). EAD treatments only partially increased percentage removal of κ sFLC (22.3-31.0%, p = 0.38), while they had a significantly great effect on λ (21.0-53.1%, p = 0.003). A positive linear correlation was found between delta sFLC and pre-HD sFLC concentrations in PMMA HD κ treatments (r = 0.68, p < 0.02) but not for λ treatments (r = 0.54, p = 0.21), while the analysis of patients receiving EAD demonstrated a strong positive correlation for both κ and λ subtypes (r = 0.81 and r = 0.85, respectively, p < 0.008). In EAD sessions, a positive linear correlation was shown between blood flow during treatment and percentage removal of sFLC (r = 0.58, p = 0.02); however, with PMMA HD such a correlation was not observed (r = 0.28, p = 0.25).
PMMA membranes can efficiently adsorb sFLC, but the process is limited by membrane saturation and is different between κ and λ sFLC. The new EAD technique can greatly improve λ removal but only partially act on κ sFLC. Therefore, EAD should be considered a valid economic treatment option without side effects in particular subsets of patients for the removal of sFLC.
Context.
Among the large variety of astrophysical sources that we can observe, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic of the whole Universe. Their emission peaks in the
γ
-ray band, with a ...duration from a fraction of a second to a few hundred seconds, and is followed by an afterglow covering the whole electromagnetic spectrum. The definition of a general picture describing the physics behind GRBs has always been a compelling task, but the results obtained so far from observations have revealed a puzzling landscape. The lack of a clear, unique paradigm calls for further observations and additional, independent techniques for this purpose. Polarimetry constitutes a very useful example as it allows us to investigate some features of the source such as the geometry of the emitting region and the magnetic field configuration.
Aims.
To date, only a handful of bursts detected by space telescopes have been accompanied by ground-based spectro-polarimetric follow-up, and therefore such an analysis of more GRBs is of crucial importance in order to increase the sample of bursts with multi-epoch polarisation analysis. In this work, we present the analysis of the GRB 080928 optical afterglow, with observations performed with the ESO-VLT FORS1 instrument.
Methods.
Starting from raw data taken in the imaging polarimetry (IPOL) and spectro-polarimetry (PMOS) modes, we performed data reduction, followed by the photometric analysis of IPOL data, taken ~14 and ~40 h after the burst detection, and spectroscopy of PMOS data (
t ~
14.95 h). After computing the reduced Stokes parameters
Q/I
and
U/I
, which describe the linear polarisation of the emitted radiation, we obtained the polarisation degree for the three observing epochs.
Results.
We find that the GRB optical afterglow was not significantly polarised on the first observing night. The polarisation degree (P) grew on the following night to a level of
P ~
4.5%, giving evidence of polarised radiation at a 4
σ
confidence level. The GRB 080928 light curve is not fully consistent with standard afterglow models, making any comparison with polarimetric models partly inconclusive. The most conservative interpretation is that the GRB emission was characterised by a homogeneous jet and was observed at an angle of 0.6 <
θ
obs
/
θ
jet
< 0.8. Moreover, the non-zero polarisation degree on the second night suggests the presence of a dominant locally ordered magnetic field in the emitting region.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is a severe adverse effect in patients receiving antitumor agents, and no effective treatment is available. Although the mechanisms responsible ...for the development of CIPN are poorly understood, recent findings make neuroinflammation an attractive target to be investigated, particularly when neuropathic pain is a prominent feature such as after bortezomib administration. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) delivery in chronic CIPN. The related neuro-immune aspects were investigated in a well-characterized rat model of bortezomib-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (BIPN).
After determination of a suitable schedule based on a preliminary pharmacokinetic pilot study, female Wistar rats were treated with IVIg 1 g/kg every 2 weeks. IVIg treatment was started at the beginning of bortezomib administration ("preventive" schedule), or once BIPN was already ensued after 4 weeks of treatment ("therapeutic" schedule). Neurophysiological and behavioral studies were performed to assess the extent of painful peripheral neurotoxicity induced by bortezomib, and these functional assessments were completed by pathologic examination of peripheral nerves and intraepidermal nerve fiber quantification (IENF). The role of the innate immune response in BIPN was investigated by immunochemistry characterization of macrophage infiltration in peripheral nerves.
Both schedules of IVIg administration were able to significantly reduce bortezomib-induced heat and mechanical allodynia. Although these changes were not evidenced at the neurophysiological examination of peripheral nerves, they behavioral effects were paralleled in the animals treated with the preventive schedule by reduced axonopathy in peripheral nerves and significant protection from loss of IENF. Moreover, IVIg administration was very effective in reducing infiltration in peripheral nerves of macrophages with the M1, pro-inflammatory phenotype.
Our results suggest a prominent role of neuroinflammation in BIPN and that IVIg might be considered as a possible safe and effective therapeutic option preventing M1 macrophage infiltration. However, since neuropathic pain is frequent also in other CIPN types, it also indicates the need for further investigation in other forms of CIPN.
Abstract
We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the afterglow of GRB 221009A, the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed. This includes ...the first mid-IR spectra of any GRB, obtained with JWST/Near Infrared Spectrograph (0.6–5.5 micron) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (5–12 micron), 12 days after the burst. Assuming that the intrinsic spectral slope is a single power law, with
F
ν
∝
ν
−
β
, we obtain
β
≈ 0.35, modified by substantial dust extinction with
A
V
= 4.9. This suggests extinction above the notional Galactic value, possibly due to patchy extinction within the Milky Way or dust in the GRB host galaxy. It further implies that the X-ray and optical/IR regimes are not on the same segment of the synchrotron spectrum of the afterglow. If the cooling break lies between the X-ray and optical/IR, then the temporal decay rates would only match a post-jet-break model, with electron index
p
< 2, and with the jet expanding into a uniform ISM medium. The shape of the JWST spectrum is near-identical in the optical/near-IR to X-SHOOTER spectroscopy obtained at 0.5 days and to later time observations with HST. The lack of spectral evolution suggests that any accompanying supernova (SN) is either substantially fainter or bluer than SN 1998bw, the proto-type GRB-SN. Our HST observations also reveal a disk-like host galaxy, viewed close to edge-on, that further complicates the isolation of any SN component. The host galaxy appears rather typical among long-GRB hosts and suggests that the extreme properties of GRB 221009A are not directly tied to its galaxy-scale environment.
In a monolateral external fixation system, bone grip is achieved optimally using half pins. This article reports the mathematical modeling used to design the screws and the drills of the Orthofix ...system. The diameter of the shank must be such that there is no risk of fracture at the screw entry point. It must also provide high strength under weight-bearing deformation stresses. The shape of the threaded part must allow the highest possible bone-gripping strength while minimizing slackening in relation to external and internal loads. The thermal effects of drilling and screw insertion must be considered to minimize necrotic damage that may stimulate reabsorption phenomena around the screw. The design of the different components of the pins must vary according to all the above factors to ensure optimal interaction between the fixator, screw, and bone.
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