Letters of Credit Givray, Albert J.; Brandt, Michael J.; Brody, Mary P. ...
The Business lawyer,
08/1992, Letnik:
47, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The past few years have seen an increasing amount of litigation regarding letters of credit (LC), and 1991 continued the trend. The 4 main areas where LC disputes are most often litigated are: 1. ...wrongful dishonor, 2. court injunctions and the "fraud" exceptions, 3. wrongful honor, and 4. wrongful draw claims, bankruptcy disputes, and presentment warranties. Wrongful dishonor disputes are those in which an issuer has examined the presented documents, decided that the presentment does not comply with the LC's requirements, and refused to pay. The most articulate explanation for strict compliance appeared in LeaseAmerica Corp. versus Norwest Bank Duluth NA (1991). Several areas of disputes in which wrongful dishonor is a central part of the litigation include nonforming documents, cases of ambiguity, untimely-presentment cases, and wrong-beneficiary cases.
Accurate pre-launch calibration of the MetOp-SG (Meteorological-Operations Second-Generation) Microwave Sounder (MWS) remote sounding instrument is critical in achieving an operational radiometric ...temperature uncertainty of 0.1 K. The RAL Space department at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory is working with Airbus Defence and Space (UK) to a develop calibration system for MWS. This system sets a new level of required calibration accuracy for (sub-) millimetre wave space-borne instruments, and needs blackbody targets with a temperature stability of 0.05 K over 5 minutes and 0.5 K over 1 hour for the temperature range 80 K to 335 K, with a return loss requirement of 45 dB. Achieving the required target diameters of 0.5 m presents significant design and manufacturing challenges.
The rate of major galaxy-galaxy merging is theoretically predicted to steadily increase with redshift during the peak epoch of massive galaxy development (\(1{\leq}z{\leq}3\)). We use close-pair ...statistics to objectively study the incidence of massive galaxies (stellar \(M_{1}{\geq}2{\times}10^{10}M_{\odot}\)) hosting major companions (\(1{\leq}M_{1}/M_{2}{\leq}4\); i.e., \(<\)4:1) at six epochs spanning \(0{<}z{<}3\). We select companions from a nearly complete, mass-limited (\(\geq5{\times}10^{9}M_{\odot}\)) sample of 23,696 galaxies in the five CANDELS fields and the SDSS. Using \(5-50\) kpc projected separation and close redshift proximity criteria, we find that the major companion fraction \(f_{\mathrm{mc}}(z)\) based on stellar mass-ratio (MR) selection increases from 6% (\(z{\sim}0\)) to 16% (\(z{\sim}0.8\)), then turns over at \(z{\sim}1\) and decreases to 7% (\(z{\sim}3\)). Instead, if we use a major F160W flux ratio (FR) selection, we find that \(f_{\mathrm{mc}}(z)\) increases steadily until \(z=3\) owing to increasing contamination from minor (MR\(>\)4:1) companions at \(z>1\). We show that these evolutionary trends are statistically robust to changes in companion proximity. We find disagreements between published results are resolved when selection criteria are closely matched. If we compute merger rates using constant fraction-to-rate conversion factors (\(C_{\mathrm{merg,pair}}{=}0.6\) and \(T_{\mathrm{obs,pair}}{=}0.65\mathrm{Gyr}\)), we find that MR rates disagree with theoretical predictions at \(z{>}1.5\). Instead, if we use an evolving \(T_{\mathrm{obs,pair}}(z){\propto}(1+z)^{-2}\) from Snyder et al., our MR-based rates agree with theory at \(0{<}z{<}3\). Our analysis underscores the need for detailed calibration of \(C_{\mathrm{merg,pair}}\) and \(T_{\mathrm{obs,pair}}\) as a function of redshift, mass and companion selection criteria to better constrain the empirical major merger history.
A questionnaire sent to political science professionals revealed a dissatisfaction with the American Political Science Association (APSA). Leadership and membership of the APSA are urged to feel open ...about critiquing the APSA.
Seventeen patients with acute peripheral arterial or graft occlusion were treated with local low-dose intra-arterial streptokinase. The series includes eight patients with native vessel occlusion, ...six patients with vein graft occlusion, two patients with prosthetic graft occlusion, and one patient with renal allograft artery occlusion. The duration of occlusion prior to streptokinase therapy varied from 2 hours to 5 weeks. The treatment was successful in 14 of the 17 instances. In conjunction with the successful thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed subsequently in 10 of the patients and reconstructive surgery in three. One major and five minor hemorrhagic complications occurred and were considered to be secondary to the streptokinase therapy. In follow-up of up to 9 months, 11 of the 14 successfully treated patients continued to have a good result, without any indication of recurrent arterial occlusion. Two patients have died of causes unrelated to thrombolytic therapy and one patient required bypass grafting for recurrent thrombosis. None of the successfully treated patients lost a limb. Of the three patients in whom thrombolysis was unsuccessful, two required amputation. Local intra-arterial low-dose streptokinase appears to be a promising alternative to immediate operative treatment in carefully selected cases of arterial occlusion. Definitive treatment of the underlying cause of the thrombus usually is required and changes of success may be enhanced by the thrombolytic therapy.
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