Refugee children face significant adversities that can threaten critical developmental processes and hamper learning outcomes. This study examines how post-migration risk factors at the community, ...household, and individual level experienced by primary school-aged Syrian refugee children in Lebanon (N = 448, Age M = 9.08, SD = 1.90) are associated with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral developmental processes as well as literacy and numeracy performance. We identified several risk factors, including attending a lower grade than their age-expected grade level, that uniquely predict Syrian refugee children's developmental processes and academic outcomes. Children's executive function and behavioral regulation, but not internalizing symptoms, partially mediated the relations between risk factors and academic outcomes.
•We explore risks and mechanisms of Syrian refugee children's development in Lebanon.•Lower grade placement presented a prominent risk to their learning and development.•Other post-migration community, household, and individual risks were identified.•Executive function and behavioral regulation predicted later learning outcomes.•Internalizing symptoms were not related to Syrian children's learning outcomes.
Females involved in child welfare (CW) or juvenile justice (JJ) systems are at-risk for commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). This study used administrative data from CW and JJ agencies in Los ...Angeles County to examine out-of-home care experiences and identify the types of homes that were associated with housing instability for females who experienced CSE. Demographic and case characteristics of females with a history of CSE and a matched sample without a reported history of CSE were compared using χ2 analyses and t-tests. Females with a history of CSE experienced significantly more housing instability compared to their matched counterparts. Housing instability was associated with leaving care without permission (LCWOP), and females were most likely to move because of LCWOP from group homes. These findings highlight the extremely unstable living situations for females with histories of CSE. Recommendations align with new federal policy, which aims to reduce reliance on group homes.
Abstract The mechanisms by which aerobic fitness confers beneficial effects on cognition with aging are unclear but may involve cerebrovascular adaptations. In a cross-sectional study of women from ...the community ( n = 42; age range = 50–90 years), we sought to determine whether physical fitness is associated with higher cerebrovascular function, and its relationship to cognition. Main outcome measures included resting cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular reserve, physical fitness (i.e., V ˙ O 2 max ) and cognition. Physically fit women had lower resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) and higher cerebrovascular conductance (CVC) than sedentary women. Overall cognition was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with V ˙ O 2 max. V ˙ O 2 max was a predictor of resting CVC and MAP, and CVC and MAP when end-tidal gases were held constant at near-resting values. MAP and CVC were predictors of cognition. This study identified strong associations between physical fitness, vascular function and cognition, and provides new understanding regarding the mechanisms by which fitness positively impacts cognition with aging. The implications of this research are considerable and warrant future investigation.
Surface Compositions of Trojan Asteroids Emery, Joshua P.; Binzel, Richard P.; Britt, Daniel T. ...
Space science reviews,
04/2024, Letnik:
220, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Jupiter Trojan asteroids are a key population for understanding the chemical and dynamical evolution of the Solar System. Surface compositions of Trojans, in turn, provide crucial information for ...reconstructing their histories. NASA’s
Lucy
mission will soon complete the first spacecraft reconnaissance of this population. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of Trojan surface compositions and looks ahead to expected advances in that knowledge from
Lucy
. Surface compositions of Trojans remain uncertain due to a relative lack of diagnostic absorption features, though dedicated observations have begun to provide some clues to compositions. Trojans have uniformly low albedos, with a population average of ∼5.3%, and red spectral slopes at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. A bimodality of spectral slopes has been detected and confirmed across all these wavelengths, and the ratio of “less-red” to “red” Trojans increases with decreasing size. A broad absorption at ∼3.1 μm in some less-red Trojans may indicate the presence of N-H bearing material. Mid-infrared emissivity spectra reveal the presence of fine-grained anhydrous silicates on the surfaces. The meteorite collection contains no identifiable analogs to Trojan asteroids. Among small body populations, some Main Belt asteroids, comets, irregular satellites, and Centaurs provide reasonable spectral matches, supporting some genetic relationships among some members of these groups. The cause of the observed spectral properties remains uncertain, but recent suggestions include a combination of volatile ice sublimation and space weathering or a combination of impact gardening and space weathering. The
Lucy
mission will provide detailed compositional analysis of (3548) Eurybates, (15094) Polymele, (11351) Leucus, (21900) Orus, and (617) Patroclus-Menoetius, a suite of targets that sample the diversity among the Trojan population along several dimensions. With these flybys, the
Lucy
mission is poised to resolve many of the outstanding questions regarding Trojan surface compositions, thereby revealing how the Trojans formed and evolved and providing a clearer view of Solar System history.
Despite substantial cross-national interest in remedial programming as a way to support low-achieving students, evidence of its effectiveness is rare, particularly in low-income and/or ...crisis-affected contexts. In this article, we present experimental evidence of the impact of a remedial tutoring program on academic outcomes from a two-level randomized trial of two treatments in Niger: school randomization testing the impact of skill-targeted SEL activities and within-school student-level randomization testing the impact of access to remedial tutoring. We find that tutoring for 4 h per week improves students' literacy and Math outcomes, and the addition of skill-targeted SEL activities positively impacts school grades above and beyond access to tutoring alone. These findings suggest the potential value of remedial tutoring to supplement formal schooling in low-income and/or conflict-affected contexts. They also suggest increased attention to implementation strategies, as access alone was insufficient for students to attain grade-level competencies.
Background Ejection fraction (EF) plays a prominent role in clinical decision making but remains dependent on image quality and left ventricular geometry. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-EF) as ...the reference standard, we sought whether global longitudinal strain (GLS) could be an alternative to the measurement of EF. Methods Manual and semi-automated tracing was used to measure Simpson's biplane ejection-fraction (2D-EF) and 3D ejection fraction (3D-EF) and MRI in 62 patients with previous infarction. Global longitudinal strain was measured by 2-dimensional strain (2DS) in the apical views. Automated EF was calculated using speckle tracking to detect the end-diastolic and end-systolic endocardial border. Results Strain curves were derived in all segments, with artifactual curves being excluded. The correlation of GLS with MRI-EF ( r = −0.69, P < .0001) was comparable to that between 3D-EF and MRI ( r = 0.80, P < .0001), and better than that between 2D-EF (r = 0.58, P < .0001) or automated EF and MRI (r = 0.62, P < .0001). To convert GLS into an equivalent MRI-EF, linear regression was used to develop the formula EF = −4.35 ⁎ (strain + 3.9). Of the 32 patients with a normal MRI-EF (≥50%), 75% had normal systolic function by GLS, whereas 85% of patients were recognized as having a normal 3D-EF. Fewer patients were recognized as normal by 2D-EF (70%, P = .14) and automated-EF (61%, P = .04). In those with >6 abnormal segments, the correlation of GLS with MRI-EF improved significantly ( r = −0.77, P < .0001) and was similar to 3D-EF ( r = 0.76, P < .0001). Conclusion Global longitudinal strain is an effective method for quantifying global left ventricular function, particularly in patients with extensive wall motion abnormalities.
The non-classical M-H2 bonding in the complex, OsClH3(PPh3)3, has been investigated in the present study using Inelastic Neutron Scattering and theoretical calculations. Results from this study show ...that the M-H2 bonding is best described as a compressed dihydride. Display omitted
Dihydrogen ligation to metal centers results in a wide range of metal-hydrogen interactions. Compounds containing non-classical dihydrogen ligands in which the H–H contacts are significantly longer than the 0.74 Å distance found in solid H2 are classified as Kubas-like compounds, stretched dihydrogen ligands, or compressed dihydrides, depending on the H–H contact length. Compounds containing stretched dihydrogen and compressed dihydride ligands are somewhat rare. Developing a more complete understanding of the metal-hydrogen and hydrogen-hydrogen interactions in these species may provide insights into the mechanisms for the oxidative addition reaction and hydrogen storage. Here, we use diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) measurements, paired with both molecular and solid-state density functional theory (DFT), to fully characterize the nature of the metal-hydrogen and hydrogen-hydrogen interactions in a previously reported compound, OsClH3(PPh3)3. In that report, the H–H distance was measured as 1.48(2) Å by single-crystal neutron diffraction and was described as a “stretched” dihydrogen. The INS-generated phonon density of states is well described by the DFT calculations, including those normal modes dominated by the vibrational motions of the three Os-ligated hydrogen atoms. The resulting calculated electron charge density landscape indicates that there is no remnant bonding character between the Os-ligated hydrogen atoms in the compound. Based on these findings, we update the understanding of the metal-hydrogen bonding in this complex and reclassify it as a compressed dihydride. As such, OsClH3(PPh3)3 represents a rare example of a non-classical compressed dihydride species.
Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Species Richness Adler, Peter B.; Seabloom, Eric W.; Borer, Elizabeth T. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
09/2011, Letnik:
333, Številka:
6050
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original ...view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters⁻²) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness.
•This cohort describes differences between 4 distinct oral glossectomy defect groups.•Defects: subtotal hemiglossectomy, hemiglossectomy, extended glossectomy, oral glossectomy.•The oral glossectomy ...groups differ by quantitative and qualitative metrics.•Defect extension to the contralateral floor of the mouth; limits tongue mobility.•New measures; open mouth premaxillary contact and obliteration were introduced.
The goal was to characterize four clinically distinct glossectomy defects to establish significant quantitative cut points using functional metrics, the MD Anderson Dysphagia Index (MDADI) and speech intelligibility.
Population included 101 patients treated with surgery, adjuvant radiation per NCCN guidelines, and ≥ 12 months follow-up.
Defect groups: subtotal hemiglossectomy (1), hemiglossectomy (2), extended hemiglossectomy (3) and oral glossectomy (4) were compared: All outcomes supported a four defect model. Intergroup comparison of outcomes with subtotal hemiglossectomy as reference (p value): Tongue Protrusion <0.001,<0.001,<0.001; Elevation <0.001,<0.001,<0.001; Open Mouth Premaxillary Contact Elevation <0.001,<0.001,<0.001; Obliteration 0.6,<0.001,<0.001; Normalcy of Diet, <0.3,<0.001,<0.001; Nutritional Mode, <0.9,<0.8,<0.001; Range of Liquids, <0.4,<0.016,<0.02; Range of Solids, <0.5,<0.004,<0.001; Eating in Public, <0.2,<0.002,<0.03; Understandability of Speech, <0.9,<0.001,<0.001; Speaking in Public, <0.4,<0.03,<0.001; MDADI, <0.4,<0.005,<0.01; Single Word Intelligibility, <0.4,<0.1,<0.001; Sentence Intelligibility, <0.5,<0.08,<0.001; Words Per Minute Intelligibility, <0.6,<0.04,<0.001; Sentence Efficiency Ratio, <0.4,<0.03,<0.002. Proportion of patients by 4 defect groups who underwent: tissue transplantation, 51%,93.9%,100%,100%.Radiation,24%,67%,88%,80%.Between hemiglossectomy and extended hemiglossectomy, the defect extends into the contralateral floor of the mouth and/or the anterior tonsillar pillar; resection of these subunits limits tongue mobility with an impact on functional outcome and MDADI. Between extended hemiglossectomy and oral glossectomy, the defect extends to include the tip of the tongue and appears to impact functional outcome and MDADI.
Subtotal hemiglossectomy, hemiglossectomy, extended glossectomy and oral glossectomy are associated with quantitative (elevation, protrusion, open mouth premaxillary contact and obliteration), qualitative (speech and swallowing) and MDADI differences, suggesting that these 4 ordinal defect groups are distinct.
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