The recently released Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) includes a revised set of Validity Scales on which there is currently limited validity and clinical utility evidence for ...the detection of overreporting. The present study evaluated the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the identification of such response bias. An analogue simulation design was used in which participants in an overreporting condition (163 undergraduate students) were instructed to feign mental health symptoms when responding to the MMPI-3 in the context of a compensation-seeking claim. Two comparison groups (657 undergraduate students and 223 community mental health patients) were instructed to respond to the MMPI-3 under standard instructions. The results indicated that those in the overreporting group generally had higher scores on MMPI-3 substantive scales than did genuine responding patients and students. In addition, results indicated that the criterion validity of the substantive scale scores was compromised in the context of overreporting. All MMPI-3 Validity Scales, particularly Fp (g = 1.29), F (g = 1.05), and RBS (g = 1.11), differentiated the overreporting group from patients with genuine psychopathology. Classification accuracies associated with the overreporting Validity Scale scores were evaluated and generally supported their utility in correctly classifying overreporters and patients. Overall, the findings generally support the validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-3 Validity Scales in the detection of overreporting.
Public Significance Statement
The MMPI-3 is a new version of a frequently used psychology test. The current research validated scales used to detect when individuals overreport mental health problems in psychological evaluations.
This study examined the validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Tellegen & Ben-Porath,
2011
) Uncommon Virtues (L-r) and Adjustment Validity (K-r) ...scales in detecting underreporting. The study aimed to increment the previous literature in this field using a New Zealand population. We used a combined sample of 784 university students, with 173 participants completing the MMPI-2-RF with instruction to underreport in the context of applying for a job, and 611 completing the test under standard instructions. Results indicated that individuals who completed the MMPI-2-RF with underreporting instructions exhibited significantly lower scores on the majority of the MMPI-2-RF substantive scales, and significantly higher scores on the L-r and K-r validity scales. Additionally, L-r and K-r added incremental predictive utility over one another when differentiating the standard instruction and underreporting groups. Classification accuracy analyses provided additional evidence for the utility of the L-r and K-r scales by supporting their respective cut scores listed in the MMPI-2-RF manual (Ben-Porath & Tellegen,
2011
). The findings of this study provide further evidence for the utility of the L-r and K-r scales in detecting underreporting extension to both a preemployment evaluation context and a novel population.
No clinician‐rating tool has formally been developed to assess the ICD‐11 model of personality disorder (PD) severity. We therefore developed and evaluated the 14‐item personality disorder Severity ...ICD‐11 (PDS‐ICD‐11) Clinician‐Rating Form. A combined sample of 195 patients was rated by mental health professionals or clinical research assistants in New Zealand using the PDS‐ICD‐11 Clinician‐Rating Form. Responses were subjected to item‐response theory analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In a subsample, we examined interrater reliability and convergence with self‐ and informant‐reported measures of personality impairment, dysfunction in various psychopathology domains, and traditional PD symptoms. Item‐response theory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the item functioning and unidimensionality, respectively, of the PDS‐ICD‐11 Clinician‐Rating Form. The interrater reliability was very promising (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94, p < 0.001). PDS‐ICD‐11 Clinician‐Rating Form scores were associated with established measures of personality dysfunction at large effect sizes. This initial development study suggests that the PDS‐ICD‐11 Clinician‐Rating Form constitutes a psychometrically sound instrument that provides a clinically based impression of the severity of personality dysfunction according to the official ICD‐11 description. More research is needed to corroborate its validity and utility, and a structured interview is warranted for diagnostic purposes. The final PDS‐ICD‐11 Clinician‐Rating Form is included as online supporting information.
Eating Disorders in Boys and Men Brown, Tiffany A; Keel, Pamela K
Annual review of clinical psychology,
05/2023, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
While boys and men have historically been underrepresented in eating disorder research, increasing interest and research during the twenty-first century have contributed important knowledge to the ...field. In this article, we review the epidemiology of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia (the pathological pursuit of muscularity) in boys and men; specific groups of men at increased risk for eating disorders; sociocultural, psychological, and biological vulnerability factors; and male-specific assessment measures. We also provide an overview of current research on eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia prevention efforts, treatment outcomes, and mortality risk in samples of boys and men. Priorities for future research are including boys and men in epidemiological studies to track changes in incidence, identifying (neuro)biological factors contributing to risk, eliminating barriers to treatment access and utilization, and refining male-specific prevention and treatment efforts.
Black girls experiences are often ignored and not discussed within social work classrooms. We urge social work educators to center the heterogenous experiences of Black girls within their ...curriculums. This teaching note presents intersectionality as a framework for teaching social work students about working effectively with Black girls by focusing on their unique social location. We provide strategies that engage social work students through case studies using qualitative research, student reflections, educational videos, and guest speakers. By using an intersectionality lens, social work curriculums can provide an important foundation for students to understand the nuanced ways that Black girls develop and experience the world.
•Youth with anorexia nervosa (AN) overestimated their body size compared to controls.•AN and controls did not differ on size estimation for neutral and food objects.•Both groups made less estimation ...errors after added tactile or visual information.•For AN, body size overestimation was robustly related to body dissatisfaction.
Body image disturbance (BID) in anorexia nervosa (AN) is poorly understood and the individual contribution of perceptual, cognitive, and affective components remains unclear. This study compared females with AN and matched healthy controls (HC) on a perceptual size estimation task. Participants (AN n=19 MSD age=16.972.24, HC n=19, age=15.772.17) were blindfolded and estimated the size of neutral objects, safe foods, unsafe foods, and parts of their bodies (hips, waist, knees, ankle) over three blocks using: 1) no sensory information (baseline), 2) tactile information, and 3) added visual information. There were no significant differences between AN and HC on neutral and safe or unsafe food objects. Participants with AN were significantly more likely to overestimate their body size across blocks compared to HC. Both groups made fewer errors on unsafe foods and body parts when using tactile or visual information compared to baseline. Exploratory analyses revealed significant correlations between body size overestimation and drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction in the AN group, with body dissatisfaction being the most robust. Results suggest that both deficits in tactile and visual perception and affective factors play a role in BID for young women with AN.
Objective
Pressures for men to conform to a lean, muscular ideal have, in part, contributed to eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms, yet few programs have been developed and empirically ...evaluated to help men. This study investigated the acceptability and efficacy of a cognitive dissonance‐based (DB) intervention in reducing eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia risk factors in men with body dissatisfaction.
Method
Men were randomized to a two‐session DB intervention (n = 52) or a waitlist control condition (n = 60). Participants completed validated measures assessing eating disorder risk factors preintervention, postintervention, and at 1‐month follow‐up.
Results
Program ratings indicated high acceptability. The DB condition demonstrated greater decreases in body‐ideal internalization, dietary restraint, bulimic symptoms, drive for muscularity, and muscle dysmorphia symptoms compared with controls (p values < .02; between‐condition Cohen's d = .30–1.11) from pre‐ to postintervention. At one‐month follow‐up, the DB condition demonstrated significantly lower scores for all variables (p values < .03; between‐condition d = .29–1.16). Body‐ideal internalization mediated intervention outcomes on bulimic and muscle dysmorphia symptoms.
Discussion
Results support the acceptability and efficacy of The Body Project: More Than Muscles up to 1‐month postintervention and should be examined against active control conditions.
The purpose of the present study was to revise and update the MMPI-2-RF personality disorder (PD) syndrome scales for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3). Study 1 describes the ...development of the MMPI-3 PD syndrome scales in three separate samples of community participants (n = 1,591), university students (n = 1,660), and outpatient mental health patients (n = 1,537). The authors independently evaluated each of the 72 new MMPI-3 items and rated them for appropriateness for scale inclusion and used various statistical procedures for final item selection. Ultimately, all 10 scales were revised, with nine incorporating items that were new to the MMPI-3. In Study 2, we subsequently validated the new MMPI-3 PD Syndrome scales against measures of traditional PD measures, trait measures of the Alternative Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition-5 model of personality disorders (AMPD) and the five-factor model (FFM) of personality, and specific criterion measures of externalizing, psychopathy, narcissism, emotional dysregulation, and self-harm, in two samples of university students (ns = 489 and 645). With some exceptions, the results were generally supportive of the convergent and discriminant validities of the MMPI-3 PD Syndrome scales. The Histrionic PD scale in particular was associated with questionable results and diverged most strongly from the theoretical construct it was originally meant to reflect. Further continuous validation of the scales is needed, especially in clinical samples, but the findings to date are promising.
Public Significance Statement
This research developed a new set of scales to assess for personality disorder symptoms on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3)-one of the most frequently used psychological tests in clinical practice. The study results showed promising validity for these scales.
•Suicidality in eating disorders (ED) is linked to low interoceptive awareness (IA).•Low body trust predicted the presence of suicidal ideation in an ED sample.•No dimensions of IA were associated ...with severity of suicidal ideation.
Previous research has demonstrated that both suicidal ideation (SI) and eating disorders (EDs) are associated with poor interoceptive awareness (IA). Suicidality research has demonstrated that the IA dimension of lower body trust is associated with SI, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. Similarly, in ED samples, recent research supports that low body trust has been the most robust dimension of IA associated with eating pathology. However, to date, research is lacking in how dimensions of IA may be associated with SI in an ED sample, above and beyond the impact of eating pathology on SI. Thus, in a clinical ED sample, the present study sought to determine which IA dimensions predict the presence and severity of SI, above and beyond ED symptoms. Participants (N = 102) completed a clinical interview assessing SI and self-report assessments including the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Results demonstrated that patients with current SI reported greater ED psychopathology, lower MAIA Attention Regulation, MAIA Self-Regulation, and MAIA Trusting scores compared to patients without SI. Higher ED psychopathology and lower MAIA Attention Regulation, Self-Regulation, and Trusting subscale scores were all significantly associated with the presence of SI. However, only low MAIA Trusting scores predicted the presence of SI, above and beyond covariates (age, depression, and eating pathology). No MAIA subscales were correlated with the severity of SI. Consistent with previous research, results suggest low MAIA Trusting scores may be associated with SI in ED samples and highlight the need for future research on mechanisms of these associations.
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