This paper presents an analysis of junction leakage in heavily doped p+/n germanium junctions, targeted for short-channel transistor fabrication. There exists an optimal p+/n junction condition, with ...a doping concentration of 1 times 10 17 -5 times 10 17 cm -3 , where the area-leakage-current density is minimal. Use of a halo-implant condition optimized for our 125-nm gate-length pMOS devices shows less than one decade higher area leakage than the optimal p+/n junction. For even higher doping levels, the leakage density increases strongly. Therefore, careful optimization of p+/n junctions is needed for decananometer germanium transistors. The junction leakage shows good agreement with electrical simulations, although for some implant conditions, more adequate implant models are required. Finally, it is shown that the area-junction static-power consumption for the best junctions remains below the power-density specifications for high-performance applications.
The dynamics of domains stability of a 120-nm-thick Z-cut single-crystal LiTaO 3 thin film obtained through the Smart Cut™ technology is investigated using Piezoresponse Force Microscopy. The ...artificially created -Z domains were found to completely relax, driven by the large built-in field observed in the structure. A constant domain wall velocity of 0.2-0.6 nm/s was extracted from the evolution of the equivalent radius of the different domains observed.
In 1991, M. Bruel (1) invented and patented the Smart Cut technology to fabricate Silicon On Insulator (SOI) substrates. The process relies on the transfer of a high quality single crystal layer from ...one wafer to another: implantation of gaseous ions in a single crystal wafer, direct bonding on a stiffener and splitting (Fig 1). The invention of this SOI process combined with the entrepreneurship of SOITEC paved the way to high quality SOI substrates mass production. Today, SOI is a mature product (up to 300mm diameter) and now developments are focused on the integration of new materials and functionalities in order to improve device performances and enlarge the application spectrum.
Host-associated microbial communities have an important role in shaping the health and fitness of plants and animals. Most studies have focused on the bacterial, fungal or viral communities, but ...often the archaeal component has been neglected. The archaeal community, the so-called archaeome, is now increasingly recognized as an important component of host-associated microbiomes. It is composed of various lineages, including mainly Methanobacteriales and Methanomassiliicoccales (Euryarchaeota), as well as representatives of the Thaumarchaeota. Host-archaeome interactions have mostly been delineated from methanogenic archaea in the gastrointestinal tract, where they contribute to substantial methane production and are potentially also involved in disease-relevant processes. In this Review, we discuss the diversity and potential roles of the archaea associated with protists, plants and animals. We also present the current understanding of the archaeome in humans, the specific adaptations involved in interaction with the resident microbial community as well as with the host, and the roles of the archaeome in both health and disease.
Aquaculture development is part of the Blue Economy narrative and it may offer opportunities for improving the well-being of coastal people and the wider population. However, unlocking its full ...potential is unlikely to occur through sole focus on increasing production. Using a framework for identifying the “people-policy gap” in aquaculture as a starting point, we introduce benefit sharing as a necessary and complementary concept to filling this gap, as well as the notion of policy coherence to achieve equitable aquaculture development. We examine these concepts in the context of mariculture development through an analysis of national mariculture policies and plans from a selection of Western Indian Ocean (WIO) countries. Our analysis shows that whilst important building blocks and a common thrust for equitable mariculture development exist at regional level, mechanisms through which the benefits from mariculture development are to reach stakeholders affected directly and indirectly by mariculture operations at national levels are not adequately considered. Lack of policy coherence at national level not only prevents progress towards closing the “people-policy gap” in mariculture development, but it may also jeopardise how the sector can live up to its expectations in the region. On the basis of these considerations, we extend our reflection to the aquaculture sector as a whole and argue that policy coherence and benefit sharing should become key considerations in the planning and future development of sustainable and equitable aquaculture.
Compared with other aquaculture issues, attention to human and social dimensions is lagging behind. Sectoral development, policy, and programmatic factors have created inequities and sub‐optimal ...social outcomes, which are jeopardizing the broader contribution the sector could make to human well‐being. Human rights in aquaculture are at the core of this article, which argues that aquaculture development, as a major economic and food producing sector, needs to be about human development. The article reviews: the application of human rights in aquaculture, and the related right to decent work; the notions of justice and equity including the idea of Blue Justice and its relevance in aquaculture; and ethics and social license to operate with the challenges that business ethics and public acceptance pose to the sector. It also reviews how these issues affect people: women, along with slow progress in gender equality in the sector; youth and their engagement in aquaculture, while noting that ‘youth’ does not equate to “jobs” and requires the lifting of many more societal hurdles for their full participation in the sector; indigenous people and local ecological knowledge—a precious asset for future aquaculture as well as the survival and enhancement of the cultural value of aquaculture; and people with disabilities and other minorities who have yet to become fully visible and accounted for in aquaculture development. Redressing human and social issues in aquaculture, and placing people at the center of aquaculture development requires a fundamental change from business as usual. To humanize aquaculture development, a renewed human relationship with aquaculture is proposed, which is founded on recognizing substantive equality and agency, embracing intersectionality, that is, the multiple social dimensions of identity and interaction, and valuing cross‐disciplinary knowledge systems. It would be implemented through new, inclusive, business models, social provisioning approaches, and procedural justice and governance mechanisms for overcoming inequalities. Public, private, and non‐state actors will need to be involved, inclusive of small‐scale farmers, women, youth, people with disabilities, and indigenous communities as key groups. Six key messages conclude the article.
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