An efficient method of energy scale calibration for the CsI(Tl) modules of the INDRA multidetector (rings 6–12) using elastic and inelastic
12
C+
1
H
scattering at
E(
12
C)=30
MeV
per nucleon is ...presented. Background-free spectra for the binary channels are generated by requiring the coincident detection of the light and heavy ejectiles. The gain parameter of the calibration curve is obtained by fitting the proton total charge spectra to the spectra predicted with Monte-Carlo simulations using tabulated cross section data. The method has been applied in multifragmentation experiments with INDRA at GSI.
The prompt component at intermediate velocity of light charged particles is investigated. An improved coalescence model coupled to the intra-nuclear cascade code ISABEL is used to obtain light ...complex particle energy spectra and multiplicities as a function of impact parameter. The results are compared with experimental data from the 36Ar + 58Ni experiment at 95 MeV/nucleon, performed with the INDRA 4π detection system. The calculated prompt component is found to rather well reproduce proton spectra. For complex light charged particles the calculated components well populate the high energy part of spectra. Prompt emission can therefore explain the large transverse energies experimentally observed at mid-rapidity.
Thermal scaling (Arrhenius law for an “elementary” probability
p of binomial function) and reducibility in intermediate mass fragments (IMF's) production are examined for data of the reaction
129Xe+
...nat
Sn at 50 MeV/u. The study of the longitudinal velocities and of the average transverse energies of the IMF's contradicts the assumption that the total transverse energy of all detected particles
E
t
is related to a well defined temperature. The separation of
E
t
into the total transverse energy of light charged particles (
Z=1,2) and that of IMF's elucidates the algorithm which induces a linear behavior of log(1/
p) versus
1/
E
t
. Even in the case of a single thermalized source, calculations based on a sequential statistical model show that the Arrhenius law cannot be observed if
E
t
is taken as an estimation of the thermal energy.
Phys.Lett.B491:15-22,2000 The quasi-projectile (QP) properties are investigated in the Ar+Ni collisions
at 95 A.MeV taking into account the intermediate velocity emission. Indeed, in
this reaction, ...between 52 and 95 A.MeV bombarding energies, the number of
particles emitted in the intermediate velocity region is related to the overlap
volume between projectile and target. Mean transverse energies of these
particles are found particularly high. In this context, the mass of the QP
decreases linearly with the impact parameter from peripheral to central
collisions whereas its excitation energy increases up to 8 A.MeV. These results
are compared to previous analyses assuming a pure binary scenario.
The quasi-projectile (QP) properties are investigated in the Ar+Ni collisions at 95 A.MeV taking into account the intermediate velocity emission. Indeed, in this reaction, between 52 and 95 A.MeV ...bombarding energies, the number of particles emitted in the intermediate velocity region is related to the overlap volume between projectile and target. Mean transverse energies of these particles are found particularly high. In this context, the mass of the QP decreases linearly with the impact parameter from peripheral to central collisions whereas its excitation energy increases up to 8 A.MeV. These results are compared to previous analyses assuming a pure binary scenario.
Cet ouvrage offre une mise en perspective des pratiques d’allaitement et de sevrage des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants, de la Préhistoire à nos jours. Plus qu’une histoire de l’allaitement, il ...dresse un bilan des savoirs les plus actuels autour de ces pratiques, depuis les premières minutes de vie jusqu’à l’abandon définitif du lait maternel. Un moment unique, un regard croisé sur les modes d’alimentation des tout-petits et leurs déterminants, cette thématique, qui implique tant les sciences humaines et sociales que les sciences médicales, est abordée dans une perspective diachronique, pluridisciplinaire et internationale. Les contributions réunies dans cet ouvrage vont au-delà des connaissances déjà produites par les historiens. S’appuyant sur d’autres sources documentaires, comme celles contenues dans les milliers de squelettes humains issus des fouilles archéologiques, et les techniques d’analyse du contenu chimique des ossements, il est désormais possible d’explorer le temps long, et de nuancer parfois les informations fournies par les textes anciens. Le large panorama ici retracé permet de conclure qu’au-delà des normes imposées par le discours médical ou militant, l’allaitement maternel n’a jamais été le mode d’alimentation exclusif des nourrissons. De tout temps et sous toutes les latitudes, les comportements d’allaitement ont été modelés par des facteurs physiologiques, psychologiques, familiaux, d’ordre social et économique au « sein » desquels les politiques de santé ont également tenté de s’imposer.
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