In debates related to energy poverty, the link to questions of residential segregation remains somewhat peripheral. Because, usually, only energy-poor households are at the focus and residential ...mobility is not addressed, the interdependencies between households’ energy costs and the residential segregation of cities remain out of sight. Concern that energy efficiency measures could foster socio-spatial segregation in cities has recently emerged in Germany. If only households with higher incomes can afford housing with high energy efficiency standards, whereas low income households tend to choose non-refurbished but, in sum, more affordable housing stock, an increasing concentration of poor households in poor housing conditions would result. German energy efficiency and CO2 reduction policies are relatively insensitive to such questions.
Using survey data from a small shrinking city in Germany, we explore how energy costs are interrelated with residential location decisions and, thus, with segregation processes and patterns. Shrinking cities represent an interesting case because, here, a decreasing demand for housing stimulates residential mobility and paves the way for dynamic reconfigurations of socio-spatial patterns.
We found that energy-related aspects of homes play a role in location decisions. Low income households seek to minimize housing costs in general, paying specific attention to heating systems, thermal insulation and costs. Resulting segregation effects depend very much on where affordable and, at the same time, energy-efficient housing stock is spatially concentrated in cities. These findings should be taken into consideration for future policies on energy in existing dwellings.
Due to their high efficiency and their strong security properties, lattice-based cryptographic schemes seem to be a very promising post-quantum replacement for currently used public key cryptography. ...The security of lattice-based schemes has been deeply analyzed mathematically, whereas little effort has been spent on the analysis against implementation attacks. In this paper, we start with the fault analysis of one of the most important cryptographic primitives: signature schemes. We investigate the vulnerability and resistance of the currently most efficientlattice-based signature schemes BLISS (CRYPTO 2013), ring-TESLA (AfricaCrypt 2016), and the GLP scheme (CHES 2012) and their implementations. We consider different kinds of (first-order) randomizing, zeroing, and skipping faults. For each of the signature schemes, we found at least six effective attacks. To increase the security of lattice-based signature schemes, we propose countermeasures for each of the respective attacks.
Arginine (ARG) was injected (0.8 g/kg, i.p.) into rats and levels of ARG were determined in plasma and four brain areas in the morning and afternoon. In control rats, brain values for ARG and some ...amino compounds are lower in the afternoon than in the morning. After ARG administration, ARG levels increase about 10-fold in the plasma and 2- to 3-fold in the brain areas. Brain ARG levels follow plasma levels. Elevated ARG levels affect a number of related amino compounds both in the plasma and all brain areas most notably ornithine, phosphoserine, glycine, GABA and ammonia. An increase of citrulline after ARG administration suggests the possibility of ARG-stimulated nitric oxide formation in the midbrain. Thus, ARG shows a daily rhythm in the plasma and brain and its administration increases ARG brain levels which seem to follow plasma levels. In addition, ARG alters a number of other amino compounds most notably GABA, glycine, ornithine and ammonia, indicating that some pharmacological effects seen after ARG administration might be caused by elevated levels of ARG and/or changes in other amino compounds.
