Phosphatized fish fossils occur in various locations worldwide. Although these fossils have been intensively studied over the past decades they remain a matter of ongoing research. The mechanism of ...the permineralization reaction itself remains still debated in the community. The mineralization in apatite of a whole fish requires a substantial amount of phosphate which is scarce in seawater, so the origin of the excess is unknown. Previous research has shown that alkaline phosphatase, a ubiquitous enzyme, can increase the phosphate content in vitro in a medium to the degree of saturation concerning apatite. We applied this principle to an experimental setup where fish scales were exposed to commercial bovine alkaline phosphatase. We analyzed the samples with SEM and TEM and found that apatite crystals had formed on the remaining soft tissue. A comparison of these newly formed apatite crystals with fish fossils from the Solnhofen and Santana fossil deposits showed striking similarities. Both are made up of almost identically sized and shaped nano-apatites. This suggests a common formation process: the spontaneous precipitation from an oversaturated solution. The excess activity of alkaline phosphatase could explain that effect. Therefore, our findings could provide insight into the formation of well-preserved fossils.
Gene expression analysis by quantitative PCR is a standard laboratory technique for RNA quantification with high accuracy. In particular real-time PCR techniques using SYBR Green and melting curve ...analysis allowing verification of specific product amplification have become a well accepted laboratory technique for rapid and high throughput gene expression quantification. However, the software that is applied for quantification is somewhat circuitous and needs actually above average manual operation.
We here developed a novel, simple to handle open source software package (i.e., MAKERGAUL) for quantification of gene expression data obtained by real time PCR technology.
The developed software was evaluated with an already well characterized real time PCR data set and the performance parameters (i.e., absolute bias, linearity, reproducibility, and resolution) of the algorithm that are the basis of our calculation procedure compared and ranked with those of other implemented and well-established algorithms. It shows good quantification performance with reduced requirements in computing power.
We conclude that MAKERGAUL is a convenient and easy to handle software allowing accurate and fast expression data analysis.
Display omitted
•The open source software MAKERGAUL allows easy gene expression quantification.•The program is available in different program and server-side scripting languages.•Quantification does not require standard curves or normalization.•MAKERGAUL has good precision, linearity, bias, resolution, and variability.•MAKERGAUL shows good quantification performance and needs little computing power.
Die Erreichbarkeit von Wissen über Fethullah Gülen Bultmann, Christoph
Pastoraltheologie : Monatsschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis in Kirche und Gesellschaft,
09/2023, Letnik:
112, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Zusammenfassung
Das Werk des kontrovers diskutierten türkischen Theologen Fethullah Gülen stellt eine
Deutung des Islam dar, die eine beachtliche Anhängerschaft gefunden hat. Im türkischen
Kontext ...beansprucht Gülens Deutung des Islameine gewisse Selbstständigkeit
gegenüber dem staatlichen Präsidium für religiöse Angelegenheiten (Diyanet), wird
aber seit 2016 konsequent aus der Öffentlichkeit verdrängt; Gülens Schriften sind
verboten. Um zu verstehen, inwiefern die Lehre und Predigt Gülens eine starke
Ausstrahlung im muslimischen Kreisen gewinnen konnten, die traditionelle Frömmigkeit
mit zivilgesellschaftlichem Engagement verbinden wollen, ist es wichtig,
Schriften (in Übersetzungen) genauer zu erschließen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt in
diesem Sinne drei Lektüreproben vor.
Abstract
The
writings of the controversial Turkish theologian Fethullah Gülen offers an interpretation
of Islam which has found a considerable number of followers. Within the
Turkish context, Gülen’s interpretation of Islam claims a certain independence from
the state Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet), however, since 2016, it has been
silenced in public and Gülen’s writings have been banned. In order to understand the
attraction of Gülen’s teaching and preaching for Muslims who want to combine
traditional forms of piety with civil society activism, it is important to study works
(which are available in translations) with great care. The present article offers three
examples of reading selected texts.
While there is ample evidence for the popularity and influence up to the mid-eighteenth century of Grotius's demonstration of the exclusive truth of the Christian religion, a fresh look at the ...reasons for the discontinuation of this line of apologetics can be attempted. In Germany in the late 1770s, G. E. Lessing claimed that all available arguments of Christian apologetics would 'evaporate' when analysed from a critical philosophical perspective. This did not simply refer to the issue of the historicity of biblical narratives. Since rabbinic Judaism as well as Islam belonged to the targets of the apologetic tradition, it turns out that the concept of the plurality of religions which had found its expression in Boccaccio's work in the 'parable of the three rings' only to be rejected, e.g., by Campanella, acquired a new significance in debates about the truth of natural and revealed religion.
PDF
