Data were analyzed from a multicenter observational cohort study of 1002 persons with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and total CD4 cell count <0.25 x 109/L treated with zidovudine between April ...1987 and April 1988. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease developed in 109 patients (10.9%), with a 2-year actuarial risk of 15%. Manifestations included retinitis (93 patients), esophagitis (10), colitis (8), gastritis (1), hepatitis (1), and encephalitis (1). The probability ofCMV disease at 2 years for patients with initial counts <0.1 Xx 109/L was 21.4%, compared with 10.3% for patients with initial counts ⩾0.1 x 109/L (P < .001). By proportional hazards analysis, baseline CD4 cell count <0.1 x 109/L, enrollment diagnosis of AIDS, and homosexuality were significantly associated with subsequently developing CMV disease. Median survival after diagnosis of CMV disease was 173 days, and CMV was an independent predictor of death. CMV contributes to AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. As new anti-CMV drugs become available, prophylaxis should be targeted at individualswith CD4 cell counts <0.1 x 109/L.
To compare pathogenicity of an emergent abortifacient Campylobacter jejuni (IA 3902) with that of reference strains after oral inoculation in pregnant guinea pigs.
58 pregnant guinea pigs.
12 animals ...were challenged IP with C jejuni IA 3902 along with 5 sham-inoculated control animals to confirm abortifacient potential. Once pathogenicity was confirmed, challenge via oral inoculation was performed whereby 12 guinea pigs received IA 3902, 12 received C jejuni isolated from ovine feces (OF48), 12 received a fully sequenced human C jejuni isolate (NCTC 11168), and 5 were sham-inoculated control animals. After abortions, guinea pigs were euthanized; samples were collected for microbial culture, histologic examination, and immunohistochemical analysis.
C jejuni IA 3902 induced abortion in all 12 animals following IP inoculation and 6 of 10 animals challenged orally. All 3 isolates colonized the intestines after oral inoculation, but only IA 3902 induced abortion. Evidence of infection existed for both IA 3902 and NCTC 11168; however, C jejuni was only recovered from fetoplacental units of animals inoculated with IA 3902. Immunohistochemical analysis localized C jejuni IA 3902 infection to subplacental trophoblasts, perivascular tissues, and phagocytes in the placental transitional zone.
This study revealed that C jejuni IA 3902 was a unique, highly abortifacient strain with the ability to colonize the intestines, induce systemic infection, and cause abortion because of its affinity for the fetoplacental unit. Guinea pigs could be effectively used in the study of septic abortion after oral inoculation with this Campylobacter strain.
Optimal lean tissue production can be severely compromised by stress and health challenges in grower-finisher pig production systems. Commonly seen enteric and respiratory pathogen include Porcine ...Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus, swine dysentery, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV), Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, and pathogenic E. coli antagonize pig health and performance. Infection with these agents can alter feed efficiency, intestinal function, and the economic return for pork producers. Significant advances in molecular and quantitative genetics, clinical diagnostics, microbiology, and virology have been made to improve the health in pathogen challenged commercial pigs, but we are still unsure on how to best feed and manage these animals. Collectively, blood metabolite and hormone analyses suggest that there is a major catabolic cost, particularly to skeletal muscle, to support the energetic and protein synthesis needs of immune system response. Additionally, innate and adaptive responses to intense, prolonged, or poorly-contained immunological stressors can lead to mitochondrial damage which may impair capacity to generate sufficient ATP for homeostasis, limit energy availability (exacerbated by reduced feed intake), and compromise cell survival and organ function. These changes in bioenergetics link metabolism with inflammation, immune function, cellular and tissue homeostasis, and protection. Specific metabolic pathways also affect immune cell differentiation and function, and accordingly have an impact on the overall immune response during health and disease. The metabolic state of immune cells or “immunometabolism” may provide a signature associated with a particular condition or challenge. Therefore, by understanding the metabolic demand of a response to health challenges in pig muscle, liver, immune cells, lungs, and intestinal epithelium, we can better develop interventions to modulate the immune system or preserve lean tissue. This paper will discuss the molecular and physiological impact of pathogenic stress challenges on lean tissue accretion, digestibility, and immunometabolism in grow-finisher pigs.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are both members of the family
Coronaviridae
which induce clinical signs of diarrhea, dehydration, and in some ...circumstances, mortality. Most research has been focused on isolation, genome sequencing, pathogenicity, and virulence of these viruses, but there is little information on long-term growth performance and tissue accretion of pigs inoculated with PEDV or PDCoV. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of PEDV or PDCoV infection on growth performance and tissue accretion over 42 d following inoculation. A total of 75 Choice Genetics Large White Pureline barrows and gilts (BW = 10.81 ± 0.81 kg) at approximately 2 wk post-wean and naïve for PEDV and PDCoV were selected. Pigs were allotted based on BW and sex, stratified across 3 treatments with 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were: 1) Control (
n
= 8); 2) PEDV inoculated (
n
= 8); and 3) PDCoV inoculated (
n
= 8). On day post inoculation (dpi) 2, 5, 7, and 14 pigs were euthanized for tissue collection and analyses from these tissues are discussed elsewhere. Pen feed intake and BW were recorded on dpi 2, 5, 7, and weekly thereafter until dpi 42. On 1 designated pig per pen, initial and final body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and tissue accretion rates were calculated over 6 wk test period. Peak PEDV infection was noted at 3 dpi compared with 4 dpi for PDCoV pigs as determined by fecal swab quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Control pigs remained negative for PEDV and PDCoV throughout the experiment. Overall, Control and PDCoV pigs did not differ in ADG, ADFI or G:F (
P
> 0.05). Compared to Control and PDCoV pigs, the overall 42 d ADFI was reduced in the challenged PEDV pigs (
P
< 0.05) by 19 and 27%, respectively. PEDV did not significantly reduce the overall ADG or G:F compared with Control and PDCoV pigs; however, the biggest reduction in ADG and ADFI for PEDV pigs was within 14 dpi compared to the Control pigs (
P
< 0.05). Whole body tissue accretion was altered due to PED, with fat, lean, protein, and bone mineral accretion reductions by 24, 20, 21, and 42%, respectively (
P
< 0.05) compared with Control pigs. Overall, nursery pig performance was greatly impacted by PEDV challenge. Surprisingly, the PDCoV challenge did not negatively influence nursery pig performance. This study provides further insight into the longitudinal impact swine enteric coronaviruses have on growing pigs.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are both members of the family Coronaviridae which induce clinical signs of diarrhea, dehydration, and in some ...circumstances, mortality. Most research has been focused on isolation, genome sequencing, pathogenicity, and virulence of these viruses, but there is little information on long-term growth performance and tissue accretion of pigs inoculated with PEDV or PDCoV. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of PEDV or PDCoV infection on growth performance and tissue accretion over 42 d following inoculation. A total of 75 Choice Genetics Large White Pureline barrows and gilts (BW = 10.81 ± 0.81 kg) at approximately 2 wk post-wean and naive for PEDV and PDCoV were selected. Pigs were allotted based on BW and sex, stratified across 3 treatments with 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were: 1) Control (n = 8); 2) PEDV inoculated (n = 8); and 3) PDCoV inoculated (n = 8). On day post inoculation (dpi) 2, 5, 7, and 14 pigs were euthanized for tissue collection and analyses from these tissues are discussed elsewhere. Pen feed intake and BW were recorded on dpi 2, 5, 7, and weekly thereafter until dpi 42. On 1 designated pig per pen, initial and final body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and tissue accretion rates were calculated over 6 wk test period. Peak PEDV infection was noted at 3 dpi compared with 4 dpi for PDCoV pigs as determined by fecal swab quantitative realtime PCR (RT-PCR). Control pigs remained negative for PEDV and PDCoV throughout the experiment. Overall, Control and PDCoV pigs did not differ in ADG, ADFI or G:F (P > 0.05). Compared to Control and PDCoV pigs, the overall 42 d ADFI was reduced in the challenged PEDV pigs (P < 0.05) by 19 and 27%, respectively. PEDV did not significantly reduce the overall ADG or G:F compared with Control and PDCoV pigs; however, the biggest reduction in ADG and ADFI for PEDV pigs was within 14 dpi compared to the Control pigs (P < 0.05). Whole body tissue accretion was altered due to PED, with fat, lean, protein, and bone mineral accretion reductions by 24, 20, 21, and 42%, respectively (P < 0.05) compared with Control pigs. Overall, nursery pig performance was greatly impacted by PEDV challenge. Surprisingly, the PDCoV challenge did not negatively influence nursery pig performance. This study provides further insight into the longitudinal impact swine enteric coronaviruses have on growing pigs.
An abstract of a study by Gabler et al that determines the longituinal effect of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection on nursery pig growth performance and tissue accretion rates. Among ...other things Gabler et shown that nursery pig exposure to PEDV has a long term negative impact on pig performance and who body tissue accretion rates.
The objective of this study was to determine if intestinal function and integrity is altered due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) ...virus infection in growing pigs. Forty-two gilts (16.8 ± 0.6 kg BW), naive for PRRS and PED, were selected and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) a control (CON; n = 6), 2) PRRS virus challenge only (PRRS; n = 12), 3) PED virus challenge only (PED; n = 12), or 4) coinfection of PRRS + PED viruses (PRP; n = 12). Treatments 2 and 4 were inoculated with a live field strain of PRRS virus on d 0 after inoculation. Treatments 3 and 4 were inoculated with PED virus on 14 d after inoculation (dpi) and all pigs were euthanized 7 d later (21 dpi). Infection with PRRS virus was determined by viremia and seroconversion. Fecal quantitative PCR was used to confirm PED virus infection. Control pigs remained PRRS and PED virus negative throughout the study. Compared with the CON, intestinal morphology was unaffected by PRRS. As expected, PED and PRP treatments resulted in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum villus atrophy compared with the CON treatment (P < 0.01). Ex vivo transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) did not differ between CON and PRRS pigs (P < 0.05) but was reduced by 40% in PED alone (P < 0.01). Interestingly, TER was increased (P < 0.01) in the PRP pigs. Active transport of glucose was increased in PRRS pigs over CON pigs (P < 0.01), whereas PED had pigs increased (P < 0.01) active glutamine transport over the CON pigs. Jejunum GLUT2 mRNA abundance and sucrase, maltase, and Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase activities tended to be increased in PRRS pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.06). The jejunum AA transporter, SLC6A14, and mucin 2 mRNA abundance tended to be increased in PED-only pigs (P < 0.10). These data suggest that PRRS infection supports a higher affinity for glucose uptake, whereas PED favors glutamine uptake. Interestingly, digestive machinery during PED challenge remained intact. Altogether, PED but not PRRS challenges alter intestinal morphology and integrity in growing pigs.
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