We compared 2 high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn)-based 2-h strategies in patients presenting with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to the emergency department (ED): the 2-h ...accelerated diagnostic protocol (2h-ADP) combining hs-cTn, electrocardiogram, and a risk score, and the 2-h algorithm exclusively based on hs-cTn concentrations and their absolute changes.
Analyses were performed in 2 independent diagnostic cohorts European Advantageous Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndrome Evaluation (APACE) study, Australian-New Zealand 2-h Accelerated Diagnostic Protocol to Assess patients with chest Pain symptoms using contemporary Troponins as the only biomarker (ADAPT) study employing hs-cTnT (Elecsys) and hs-cTnI (Architect). The final diagnosis was adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists.
AMI was the final diagnosis in 16.5% (95% CI, 14.6%-18.6%) of the 1372 patients in APACE, and 12.6% (95% CI, 10.7%-14.7%) of 1153 patients in ADAPT. The negative predictive value (NPV) and sensitivity for AMI were very high and comparable with both strategies using either hs-cTnT or hs-cTnI in both cohorts (all statistical comparisons nonsignificant). The percentage of patients triaged toward rule-out was significantly lower with the 2h-ADP (36%-43%) vs the 2-h algorithm (55%-68%) with both assays and in both cohorts (
< 0.001). The sensitivity of the 2h-ADP was higher for 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events.
Both algorithms provided very high and comparable safety as quantified by the NPV and sensitivity for AMI and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days in patients triaged toward rule-out, although sensitivity for MACE at 30 days was lower with both algorithms in cohort 2. Although the 2-h algorithm was more efficacious, not all patients ruled out for AMI by this algorithm were appropriate candidates for early discharge. The 2h-ADP seems superior in the selection of patients for early discharge from the ED.
APACE: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00470587ADAPT: Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12611001069943.
Until now, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays were mainly developed for large central laboratory platforms.
This study aimed to assess the clinical performance of a point-of-care ...(POC)-hs-cTnI assay in patients with suspected myocardial infarction (MI).
This study enrolled patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of MI. Two cardiologists centrally adjudicated the final diagnosis using all clinical data including cardiac imaging. The primary objective was to directly compare diagnostic accuracy of POC-hs-cTnI-TriageTrue versus best-validated central laboratory assays. Secondary objectives included the derivation and validation of a POC-hs-cTnI-TriageTrue–specific 0/1-h algorithm.
MI was the adjudicated final diagnosis in 178 of 1,261 patients (14%). The area under the curve (AUC) for POC-hs-cTnI-TriageTrue at presentation was 0.95 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.93 to 0.96) and was at least comparable to hs-cTnT-Elecsys (AUC: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.93 to 0.96; p = 0.213) and hs-cTnI-Architect (AUC: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.90 to 0.93; p < 0.001). A single cutoff concentration <3 ng/l at presentation identified 45% of patients at low risk with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% (95% CI: 99.4% to 100%). A single cutoff concentration >60 ng/l identified patients at high risk with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 76.8% (95% CI: 68.9% to 83.6%). The 0/1-h algorithm ruled out 55% of patients (NPV: 100%; 95% CI: 98.8% to 100%), and ruled in 18% of patients (PPV: 76.8%; 95% CI: 67.2% to 84.7%). Ruled-out patients had cumulative event rates of 0% at 30 days and 1.6% at 2 years. This study confirmed these findings in a secondary analysis including hs-cTnI-Architect for central adjudication.
The POC-hs-cTnI-TriageTrue assay provides high diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected MI with a clinical performance that is at least comparable to that of best-validated central laboratory assays. (Advantageous Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndromes Evaluation Study APACE; NCT00470587)
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Infecting large portions of the global population, seasonal influenza is a major burden on societies around the globe. While the global source sink dynamics of the different seasonal influenza ...viruses have been studied intensively, its local spread remains less clear. In order to improve our understanding of how influenza is transmitted on a city scale, we collected an extremely densely sampled set of influenza sequences alongside patient metadata. To do so, we sequenced influenza viruses isolated from patients of two different hospitals, as well as private practitioners in Basel, Switzerland during the 2016/2017 influenza season. The genetic sequences reveal that repeated introductions into the city drove the influenza season. We then reconstruct how the effective reproduction number changed over the course of the season. While we did not find that transmission dynamics in Basel correlate with humidity or school closures, we did find some evidence that it may positively correlated with temperature. Alongside the genetic sequence data that allows us to see how individual cases are connected, we gathered patient information, such as the age or household status. Zooming into the local transmission outbreaks suggests that the elderly were to a large extent infected within their own transmission network. In the remaining transmission network, our analyses suggest that school-aged children likely play a more central role than pre-school aged children. These patterns will be valuable to plan interventions combating the spread of respiratory diseases within cities given that similar patterns are observed for other influenza seasons and cities.
The aim of this study was to validate the clinical performance of the Beckman Access high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay.
We enrolled patients presenting to the emergency department ...with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Final diagnoses were centrally adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists with all clinical information including cardiac imaging twice: first, using serial hs-cTnT (Elecsys, primary analysis), and second, using hs-cTnI (Architect, secondary analysis) measurements in addition to the clinically used hs-cTn. hs-cTnI Access was measured at presentation and at 1 h. The primary objective was a direct comparison of diagnostic accuracy as quantified by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of hs-cTnI Access vs the hs-cTnT Elecsys and hs-cTnI Architect assays. Secondary objectives included the derivation and validation of an hs-cTnI Access-specific 0/1-h algorithm.
AMI was the adjudicated final diagnosis in 243 of 1579 (15.4%) patients. The AUC at presentation for hs-cTnI Access was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94-0.96), higher than hs-cTnI Architect 0.92 (95% CI, 0.91-0.94;
< 0.001) and comparable to hs-cTnT Elecsys 0.94 (95% CI, 0.93-0.95;
= 0.12). Applying the derived hs-cTnI Access 0/1-h algorithm (derivation cohort n = 686) to the validation cohort (n = 680), 60% of patients were ruled out sensitivity, 98.9% (95% CI, 94.3-99.8), and 15% of patients were ruled in specificity, 95.9% (95% CI, 94.0-97.2). Patients ruled out by the 0/1-h algorithm had a survival rate of 100% at 30 days. Findings were confirmed in the secondary analyses by the adjudication including serial measurements of Architect hs-cTnI.
Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of the Beckman hs-cTnI Access assay are very high and at least comparable to Roche hs-cTnT and Abbott hs-cTnI assays.
NCT00470587.
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a disease associated with a mitochondrial DNA mutation, is characterized by blindness due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, ...which form the optic nerve. We show that a sustained pathological autophagy and compartment-specific mitophagy activity affects LHON patient-derived cells and cybrids, as well as induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived neurons. This is variably counterbalanced by compensatory mitobiogenesis. The aberrant quality control disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis as reflected by defective bioenergetics and excessive reactive oxygen species production, a stress phenotype that ultimately challenges cell viability by increasing the rate of apoptosis. We counteract this pathological mechanism by using autophagy regulators (clozapine and chloroquine) and redox modulators (idebenone), as well as genetically activating mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1-α overexpression). This study substantially advances our understanding of LHON pathophysiology, providing an integrated paradigm for pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases and druggable targets for therapy.
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•Autophagy and mitophagy are abnormally activated in samples carrying LHON mutations•Autophagy and mitophagy affect LHON cells’ viability•Therapeutic approaches targeting autophagy reverts LHON cells’ apoptotic death
Danese et al. show that autophagy and mitophagy are pathologically increased in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)-affected individuals. These characteristics reflect a mitochondrial stress phenotype that activates the apoptotic response. Therapeutic strategies balancing the autophagy and mitophagy levels and the mitochondrial homeostasis reverse the pathologic phenotype of LHON-affected cells.
We aimed to validate the clinical performance of the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I VITROS
Immunodiagnostic Products hs Troponin I (hs-cTnI-VITROS) assay.
We enrolled patients presenting to the ...emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Final diagnoses were centrally adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists considering all clinical information, including cardiac imaging: first, using serial hs-cTnT-Elecsys (primary analysis) and, second, using hs-cTnI-Architect (secondary analysis) measurements in addition to the clinically used (hs)-cTn. hs-cTnI-VITROS was measured at presentation and at 1 h in a blinded fashion. The primary objective was direct comparison of diagnostic accuracy as quantified by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of hs-cTnI-VITROS vs hs-cTnT-Elecsys and hs-cTnI-Architect, and in a subgroup also hs-cTnI-Centaur and hs-cTnI-Access. Secondary objectives included the derivation and validation of an hs-cTnI-VITROS-0/1-h algorithm.
AMI was the adjudicated final diagnosis in 158 of 1231 (13%) patients. At presentation, the AUC for hs-cTnI-VITROS was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93-0.96); for hs-cTnT-Elecsys, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92-0.95); and for hs-cTnI-Architect, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.90-0.94). AUCs for hs-cTnI-Centaur and hs-cTnI-Access were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94-0.97). Applying the derived hs-cTnI-VITROS-0/1-h algorithm (derivation cohort n = 519) to the validation cohort (n = 520), 53% of patients were ruled out sensitivity, 100% (95% CI, 94.1-100) and 14% of patients were ruled in specificity, 95.6% (95% CI, 93.4-97.2). Patients ruled out by the 0/1-h algorithm had a survival rate of 99.8% at 30 days. Findings were confirmed in the secondary analyses using the adjudication including serial measurements of hs-cTnI-Architect.
The hs-cTnI-VITROS assay has at least comparable diagnostic accuracy with the currently best validated hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI assays.
NCT00470587.
The clinical availability of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) has enabled the development of several innovative strategies for the rapid rule-out of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Due ...to the lack of direct comparisons, selection of the best strategy for clinical practice is challenging.
In a prospective international multicenter diagnostic study enrolling 3696 patients presenting with suspected AMI to the emergency department, we compared the safety and efficacy of 14 different hs-cTn-based strategies: hs-cTn concentrations below the limit of detection (LoD), dual-marker combining hs-cTn with copeptin, ESC 0 h/1 h-algorithm, 0 h/2 h-algorithm, 2 h-ADP-algorithm, NICE-algorithm, and ESC 0 h/3 h-algorithm, each using either hs-cTnT or hs-cTnI. The final diagnosis of AMI was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists using all available clinical information including cardiac imaging and serial hs-cTn concentrations.
AMI was the final diagnosis in 16% of patients. Using hs-cTnT, safety quantified by the negative predictive value (NPV) and sensitivity was very high (99.8–100% and 99.5–100%) and comparable for all strategies, except the dual-marker approach (NPV 98.7%, sensitivity 96.7%). Similarly, using hs-cTnI, safety quantified by the NPV and sensitivity was very high (99.7–100% and 98.9–100%) and comparable for all strategies, except the dual-marker approach (NPV 96.9%, sensitivity 90.4%) and the NICE-algorithm (NPV 99.1%, sensitivity 94.7%). Efficacy, quantified by the percentage of patients eligible for rule-out, differed markedly, and was lowest for LoD-algorithm (15.7–26.8%).
All rapid rule-out algorithms, except the dual-marker strategy and the NICE-algorithm using hs-cTnI, favorably combine safety and efficacy, and can be considered for routine clinical practice.
NCT00470587, http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00470587.
•All examined hs-cTn-based rapid rule-out strategies, except for the dual-marker strategy and the NICE-algorithm using hs-cTnI, provide high and comparable safety.•The efficacy of the different hs-cTn-based rapid rule-out strategies varied substantially among the different strategies.•The incidence of 30-day MACE among patients triaged towards rule-out was very low and comparable among the different strategies.•Findings in the subgroup of early presenters overall were similar to those obtained for the whole cohort for the different strategies.•No systematic difference was shown between the rule-out strategies according to the applied hs-cTn assay, except for the NICE algorithm.
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