This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and ...impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1960.
The target of rapamycin (TOR) signal-transduction pathway is an important mechanism by which eucaryotic cells adjust their protein biosynthetic capacity to nutrient availability. Both in yeast and in ...mammals, the TOR pathway regulates the synthesis of ribosomal components, including transcription and processing of pre-rRNA, expression of ribosomal proteins and the synthesis of 5S rRNA. Expression of the genes encoding the numerous constituents of ribosomes requires transcription by all three classes of nuclear RNA polymerases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the interplay among nutrient availability, transcriptional control and ribosome biogenesis. We focus on transcription in response to nutrients, detailing the relevant downstream targets of TOR in yeast and mammals. The critical role of TOR in linking environmental queues to ribosome biogenesis provides an efficient means by which cells alter their overall protein biosynthetic capacity.
This study investigated the relationships of the in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of the employees in an organization with their trust in their plant managers and top ...management team. The study indicated that trust in these two managerial referents related to employees' ability to focus attention on value-producing activities and that this focus related to OCB.
We establish prior diversification experience as a key determinant of the relationship between growth of product and international diversification. Prior diversification experience allows firms to ...overcome short-run constraints on simultaneous diversification growth imposed by the difficulty to transfer tacit knowledge, ambiguous competencies, and limited absorptive capacity. Studying U.S. and European firms, we find a positive relationship between growth in product and international scope for firms with high and a negative one for those with little prior diversification experience. Further, we find that product diversification experience has greater impact than international diversification experience.
ABSTRACT
The perinatal literature includes several potentially confusing and controversial terms and concepts related to fetal size and growth. This article discusses fetal growth from an obstetric ...perspective and addresses various issues including the physiologic mechanisms that determine fetal growth trajectories, known risk factors for abnormal fetal growth, diagnostic and prognostic issues related to restricted and excessive growth and temporal trends in fetal growth. Also addressed are distinctions between fetal growth ‘standards’ and fetal growth ‘references’, and between fetal growth charts based on estimated fetal weight vs those based on birth weight. Other concepts discussed include the incidence of fetal growth restriction in pregnancy (does the frequency of fetal growth restriction increase or decrease with increasing gestation?), the obstetric implications of studies showing associations between fetal growth and adult chronic illnesses (such as coronary heart disease) and the need for customizing fetal growth standards.
The prognostic value of central systolic blood pressure has been established recently. At present, its noninvasive assessment is limited by the need of dedicated equipment and trained operators. ...Moreover, ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring of central pressures are not feasible. An algorithm enabling conventional automated oscillometric blood pressure monitors to assess central systolic pressure could be of value. We compared central systolic pressure, calculated with a transfer-function like method (ARCSolver algorithm), using waveforms recorded with a regular oscillometric cuff suitable for ambulatory measurements, with simultaneous high-fidelity invasive recordings, and with noninvasive estimations using a validated device, operating with radial tonometry and a generalized transfer function. Both studies revealed a good agreement between the oscillometric cuff-based central systolic pressure and the comparator. In the invasive study, composed of 30 patients, mean difference between oscillometric cuff/ARCSolver-based and invasive central systolic pressures was 3.0 mm Hg (SD: 6.0 mm Hg) with invasive calibration of brachial waveforms and -3.0 mm Hg (SD: 9.5 mm Hg) with noninvasive calibration of brachial waveforms. Results were similar when the reference method (radial tonometry/transfer function) was compared with invasive measurements. In the noninvasive study, composed of 111 patients, mean difference between oscillometric cuff/ARCSolver-derived and radial tonometry/transfer function-derived central systolic pressures was -0.5 mm Hg (SD: 4.7 mm Hg). In conclusion, a novel transfer function-like algorithm, using brachial cuff-based waveform recordings, is suited to provide a realistic estimation of central systolic pressure.
Political trust is a perennially important concern and the events of the last few years have, in many ways, heightened this importance. The relevant scholarship has done much to meet this challenge ...but continues to struggle with definitional unclarities and an inability to provide accounts that consistently operate as expected. The current research seeks to test the potential of a classic model of trust from the organizational sciences that makes specific arguments regarding the psychological nature and mechanisms of the construct in helping to address these concerns. Using data from a national convenience sample, we provide preliminary evidence which suggests that measures and models addressing this theoretical account of psychological trust form unidimensional and reliable measures that may more precisely explain the process of political trust and outperform current measures in predicting relevant correlates. We conclude by discussing the implications and limitations of our work and, in so doing, lay a foundation for a new research agenda for political trust.
The influence of silver nanoparticle morphology on the dissolution kinetics in ultrapure water as well as the biological effect on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells was examined. Silver nanoparticles ...with different shapes but comparable size and identical surface functionalisation were prepared, i.e.spheres (diameter 40-80 and 120-180 nm; two different samples), platelets (20-60 nm), cubes (140-180 nm), and rods (diameter 80-120 nm, length > 1000 nm). All particles were purified by ultracentrifugation and colloidally stabilized with poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). Their colloidal dispersion in ultrapure water and cell culture medium was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering. Size, shape, and colloidal stability were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and differential centrifugal sedimentation. The dissolution in ultrapure water was proportional to the specific surface area of the silver nanoparticles. The averaged release rate for all particle morphologies was 30 plus or minus 13 ng s super(-1) m super(-2) in ultrapure water (T= 25 plus or minus 1 degree C; pH 4.8; oxygen saturation 93%), i.e.about 10-20 times larger than the release of silver from a macroscopic silver bar (1 oz), possibly due to the presence of surface defects in the nanoparticulate state. All particles were taken up by human mesenchymal stem cells and were cytotoxic in concentrations of >12.5 mu g mL super(-1), but there was no significant influence of the particle shape on the cytotoxicity towards the cells. Contrary to that, the toxicity towards bacteria increased with a higher dissolution rate, suggesting that the toxic species against bacteria are dissolved silver ions.
Introduction La canagliflozine (CANA), un inhibiteur du co-transporteur sodium-glucose de type 2, réduit la glycémie des patients DT2 en augmentant l’excrétion urinaire du glucose. Matériels et ...méthodes Les MG ont été caractérisées à partir d’analyses poolées issues de 4 études randomisées en double aveugle, contrôlées versus placebo (PBO) sur 26 semaines chez 2 313 patients DT2. Résultats L’incidence des MG était de 11 % vs. 3 % (femmes) et de 4 % vs. 1 % (hommes) sous CANA vs. PBO. Les MG étaient peu ou modérément graves, aucune n’a été grave et peu d’entre elles ont conduit à une interruption du traitement (femmes : CANA : 0,7 % ; PBO : 0 % ; hommes : CANA : 0,5 % ; PBO : 0 %). La plupart des événements sous CANA ont été traités par des agents antifongiques (femmes : 82 % ; hommes : 83 %) ; peu de sujets (femmes : 2 % ; hommes : 1 %) ont eu plus d’une MG. Les femmes sous CANA présentant des MG étaient plus susceptibles d’avoir des antécédents de vulvovaginites (29 % vs. 12 %), d’être pré-ménopausées (35 % vs. 27 %) et de résider en Amérique du Nord (60 % vs. 42 %) comparées aux femmes sans MG. Les hommes sous CANA présentant des MG étaient plus susceptibles d’avoir des antécédents de balanite/balanoposthite (25 % vs. 2 %), d’avoir une durée de DT2 plus élevée (9 vs. 7 ans) et de résider en Europe (44 % vs. 26 %) comparés aux hommes sans MG. Dans une série de données provenant de 8 études (n = 9 439), avec une exposition moyenne plus longue (CANA : 68 semaines ; contrôle : 64 semaines) un taux plus élevé de MG a été rapporté chez les hommes (8 % vs. 2 % pour CANA et contrôle), plus fréquemment chez les hommes non circoncis (11 % vs. 3 %) et rarement associé à un phimosis ou à la nécessité d’une circoncision. Conclusion CANA était associé à des taux légèrement plus élevés de MG vs. PBO, généralement prises en charge par des traitements standards.
In the European Society of Cardiology-European Society of Hypertension guidelines of the year 2007, the consequences of arterial stiffness and wave reflection on cardiovascular mortality have a major ...role. But the investigators claimed the poor availability of devices/methods providing easy and widely suitable measuring of arterial wall stiffness or their surrogates like augmentation index (AIx) or aortic systolic blood pressure (aSBP). The aim of this study was the validation of a novel method determining AIx and aSBP based on an oscillometric method using a common cuff (ARCSolver) against a validated tonometric system (SphygmoCor). aSBP and AIx measured with the SphygmoCor and ARCSolver method were compared for 302 subjects. The mean age was 56 years with an s.d. of 20 years. At least two iterations were performed in each session. This resulted in 749 measurements. For aSBP the mean difference was -0.1 mm Hg with an s.d. of 3.1 mm Hg. The mean difference for AIx was 1.2% with an s.d. of 7.9%. There was no significant difference in reproducibility of AIx for both methods. The variation estimate of inter- and intraobserver measurements was 6.3% for ARCSolver and 7.5% for SphygmoCor. The ARCSolver method is a novel method determining AIx and aSBP based on an oscillometric system with a cuff. The results agree with common accepted tonometric measurements. Its application is easy and for widespread use.
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