The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate, 2,4-D, and diquat to control the aquatic macrophytes Brachiaria subquadripara, Hedychium coronarium, and Myriophyllum aquaticum ...under greenhouse conditions. The following herbicides and doses were used: glyphosate at 240, 720, 1,680, 2,640, 3,600, and 4,320 g a.e. ha-1, 2,4-D at 335, 1,005, 1,675, 2,345, and 3,015 g a.e. ha-1, diquat at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 g a.i. ha-1, and a control with 10 replications. Sprayings were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at a constant pressure of 172.36 KPa, tips DG 11002, and spray solution consumption of 200 L ha-1. The effectiveness of control was evaluated visually at 3, 7, 15, 21, 30, 45, and 60 days after application (DAA) and dry matter accumulation at 60 DAA. Glyphosate promoted the best effectiveness, with 100% control of B. subquadripara, with no dry matter accumulation from 720 g a.e. ha-1. The herbicide 2,4-D presented the best control for M. aquaticum with 100% control from 1,209 g a.e. ha-1, and for H. coronarium with 99% control from 2.015 g a.e. ha-1, both doses with no dry matter accumulation. The diquat was not effective in controlling the plants of M. aquaticum and B. subquadripara, besides allowing resprouts.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de glyphosate, 2,4-D e diquat no controle das macrófitas aquáticas Brachiaria subquadripara, Hedychium coronarium e Myriophyllum aquaticum em condições de casa de vegetação. Utilizaram-se os seguintes herbicidas e doses: glyphosate a 240, 720, 1.680, 2.640, 3.600 e 4.320 g e.a. ha-1; 2,4-D a 335, 1.005, 1.675, 2.345 e 3.015 g e.a. ha-1; e diquat a 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 e 600 g i.a. ha-1 e um controle, com dez repetições. As pulverizações foram efetuadas com um pulverizador costal à pressão constante de CO2 de 172,36 KPa, ponta DG11002 e consumo de calda de 200 L ha-1. A eficácia de controle foi avaliada visualmente aos 3, 7, 15, 21, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a aplicação (DAA), e o acúmulo de massa seca, aos 60 DAA. O glyphosate promoveu a melhor eficácia, com 100% de controle de B. subquadripara e sem acúmulo de massa seca, a partir de 720 g e.a. ha-1. O 2,4-D apresentou o melhor controle para M. aquaticum, com 100% a partir 1.209 g e.a. ha-1, e para H. coronarium, com 99% de controle a partir de 2.015 g e.a. ha-1, ambas as doses sem o acúmulo de massa seca. O diquat não foi eficaz no controle das plantas de M. aquaticum e B. subquadripara, além de permitir rebrotas.
The presence of weeds may affect both growth and nutrition of agricultural crops due to interference. The objective was to evaluate the interference of weeds in the dry mass distribution and in the ...accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients in eggplant. The treatments consisted of increasing weed-free and weedy periods (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140 and 0-154 days after transplanting) in eggplant ‘Nápoli’. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. Weeds affected the distribution of dry mass between vegetative and reproductive organs of eggplant. There was a significant reduction in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients when weeds grew with eggplant crop beyond 42 days after transplanting, reaching the maximum reduction of 79%, 75%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 83% and 80% in the accumulation of dry mass, K, N, Ca, Mg, P and S, respectively. Therefore, the weed community significantly affects the growth and mineral nutrition of eggplant ‘Napoli’, and there should be no weed-crop coexistence beyond 28 days after seedling transplanting.
RESUMO: A convivência com plantas daninhas pode afetar o crescimento e a nutrição de culturas agrícolas devido à interferência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interferência das plantas daninhas na distribuição de massa seca e no acúmulo de massa seca e de macronutrientes em plantas de berinjela. Os tratamentos consistiram de períodos crescentes de convivência e de controle de plantas daninhas (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140 e 0-154 dias após o transplantio) na cultura da berinjela cultivar Nápoli. O experimento foi disposto em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. As plantas daninhas afetaram a distribuição de massa seca entre os órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos das plantas de berinjela. Houve redução expressiva no acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes quando as plantas daninhas conviveram com a cultura de berinjela além de 42 dias após o transplante, atingindo a máxima redução de 79%, 75%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 83% e 80% no acúmulo de massa seca, K, N, Ca, Mg, P e S, respectivamente. Portanto, a comunidade infestante afeta significativamente o crescimento e a nutrição mineral de berinjela Nápoli, não devendo haver convivência além de 28 dias após o transplante das mudas.
The goals of this study were to evaluate the application of glyphosate plus three adjuvants and three spray nozzles in controlling the macrophyte Pistia stratiotes. For this purpose, after an 80 to ...90% colonization, the application of 1.5, 3.5 and 7.0 L h-1 of isolated glyphosate and with the adjuvants Aterbane® BR, Veget’oil® and Dash® HC (0.5% vv-1) and the spray nozzles (AI 110.02, TTI 110.015 and TT 110.015) was performed, plus a control sample (water). Applications were performed with a pressurized backpack precision sprayer, at the constant pressure of 50 p.s.i. and with mixture consumption of 200 L ha-1. At the dose of 1.5 L ha-1, there was 100% control for the combination glyphosate + Veget’oil + tip AI 110.02 (Gly+V.oil+AI, Gly+Aterb.+TTI and Gly+Dash+TT) 15 days after application (DAA). At 3.5 L ha-1, the greatest control (95%) was with Gly+AI, Gly+Aterb.+TTI, Gly+V.oil+TTI, Gly+Dash+TTI, Gly+Aterb.+TT and Gly+Dash+TT; and at 7.0 L ha-1 100% was observed for Gly+AI, Gly+Aterb.+AI, Gly+V.oil+AI, Gly+Aterb.+TTI, Gly+V.oil+TTI, Gly+Dash+TTI, Gly+TT and Gly+Dash+TT. Thus, it is possible to conclude that at 1.5 L ha-1, the combination of glyphosate plus Dash® and with the nozzle TT 110.015 (Gly+Dash+TT) was the most promising one; at 3.5 L ha-1, it was Gly+Aterb.+TTI and at 7.0 L ha-1 the air induction nozzles (AI 110.02 and TTI 110.015), whether with isolated glyphosate or with any of the three adjuvants, were the best at providing control.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicação do herbicida glyphosate acrescido de três adjuvantes e três pontas de pulverização no controle da macrófita Pistia stratiotes. Para isso, após a colonização de 80 a 90%, foi realizada a aplicação de 1,5, 3,5 e 7,0 L ha-1 de glyphosate isolado e com os adjuvantes Aterbane® BR, Veget’oil® e Dash® HC (0,5% vv-1) e pontas de pulverização (AI 110.02, TTI 110.015 e TT 110.015) e um controle (água). As aplicações foram feitas com pulverizador costal pressurizado de precisão, à pressão constante de 50 p.s.i. e consumo de calda de 200 L ha-1. Na dose de 1,5 L ha-1 houve 100% de controle para a combinação glyphosate + Veget’oil + a ponta AI 110.02 (Gly+V.oil+AI), Gly+Aterb.+TTI e Gly+Dash+TT em 15 dias após aplicação (DAA). Em 3,5 L ha-1 o maior controle (95%) foi para Gly+AI, Gly+Aterb.+TTI, Gly+V.oil+TTI, Gly+Dash+TTI, Gly+Aterb.+TT e Gly+Dash+TT, e em 7,0 L ha-1 chegou-se a 100% para Gly+AI, Gly+Aterb.+AI, Gly+V.oil+AI, Gly+Aterb.+TTI, Gly+V.oil+TTI, Gly+Dash+TTI, Gly+TT e Gly+Dash+TT. Assim, conclui-se que em 1,5 L ha-1 a combinação de glyphosate com o Dash® e a ponta TT 110.015 (Gly+Dash+TT) foi a mais promissora; em 3,5 L ha-1 foi Gly+Aterb.+TTI e em 7,0 L ha-1 as pontas com indução de ar (AI 110.02 e TTI 110.015), independentemente de o glyphosate estar isolado ou com qualquer um dos três adjuvantes, foram as melhores no estabelecimento do controle.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the use of macrophytes Lemna minor and Azolla caroliniana as biomarkers of exposure (acute toxicity) for atrazine, bentazon + ...imazamox and clomazone, insecticide alpha cypermethrin + teflubenzuron and fungicides pyraclostrobin and mixture pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, as well as the risk for environmental intoxication. For this purpose, four plants of L. minor and five of A. caroliniana were selected in a 50 mL Hoagland medium. For both plants, the following concentrations were used: 0.10; 1.07; 3.44; 11.16; 36.40 and 118.0 mg L-1 of each test product and a control with three replicates. The results of this study demonstrated higher sensitivity of L. minor to the tested pesticides, when compared to A. caroliniana. L. minor can be used in the monitoring of herbicides bentazon, atrazine and clomazone and pyraclostrobin-based fungicide, and A. caroliniana can be used for pyraclostrobinbased fungicides, due to the sensitivity of these organisms when exposed.
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade na utilização das macrófitas Lemna minor e Azolla caroliniana como bioindicadores de exposição (toxicidade aguda) dos herbicidas atrazina, bentazon + imazamox e clomazone, do inseticida alfacipermetrina + teflubenzuron e dos fungicidas piraclostrobina e mistura piraclostrobina + epoxiconazol, bem como o risco de intoxicação ambiental. Para isso, foram selecionadas quatro plantas de L. minor e cinco de A. caroliniana em 50 mL de meio de cultivo Hoagland. Em ambas as plantas foram utilizadas as concentrações de 0,10, 1,07, 3,44, 11,16, 36,40 e 118,0 mg L-1 de cada produto testado e um controle, com três réplicas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram maior sensibilidade da planta L. minor, comparada a A. caroliniana, aos agrotóxicos testados. L. minor pode ser empregada no monitoramento de herbicidas à base de bentazon, atrazina e clomazone e do fungicida à base de piraclostrobina, e A. caroliniana, do fungicida à base de piraclostrobina, devido à sensibilidade desses organismos quando expostos.
Objective: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is the most common cause of leg ulcers. Patients with morbid obesity are remarkable for particularly recalcitrant ulcers. Because obesity is not ...specifically incorporated in CEAP or other venous scoring systems, we sought to characterize this group of patients more completely. Methods: Patients with severe CVI (CEAP clinical class, 4, 5, and 6), and class III obesity (body mass index BMI, >40) were reviewed. Findings from clinical and duplex ultrasound scan (DU) examinations were compared with the CEAP classification, its adjunctive venous clinical severity score, and sensory thresholds. Results: A review of clinic records identified 20 ambulatory patients with a mean age of 62 years, a mean BMI of 52, and a mean weight of 164 kg (361 lbs); all but one had bilateral symptoms. No evidence of venous insufficiency was detected with DU in 24 of the 39 limbs. Although some valvular incompetence was detected with DU in 15 of 39 limbs, these abnormalities were widely dispersed between 28 sites; eight limbs had findings at only one site. Ulceration (mean area, 29 cm2) was present in 25 limbs and necessitated 7 months for healing; 13 (52%) recurred at least once during a mean observation period of 36 months. The mean sensory threshold of 5.21 exceeded current risk thresholds used in diabetic screening programs. The distribution of CEAP clinical class was C4 (n = 14), C5 (n = 14), and C6 (n = 11). Increasing CEAP class correlated with an increased mean BMI of 47, 52, and 56, respectively (P <.01). CEAP also correlated with a rising mean venous clinical severity score of 10, 11, and 15, respectively (P <.05). Conclusion: Patients with class III obesity had severe limb symptoms, typical of CVI, but approximately two thirds of the limbs had no anatomic evidence of venous disease. The association of increasing limb symptoms with increasing obesity suggested that the obesity itself contributes to the morbidity. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:79-85.)
Preoperative duplex scanning of arm and forearm veins has increased the creation of autogenous arteriovenous (AV) fistulas. However, the cumulative functional patency and durability of transposed AV ...fistulas (TAVF) compared with nontransposed AV fistulas (AVF) and prosthetic bridging grafts (AVG) remains ill-defined.
From January 1998 to December 2002, 245 dialysis access procedures were performed at University Hospital and the Veteran Affairs Medical Center in New Jersey. Follow-up data were available for 125 procedures (TAVF, n = 42; AVF, n = 30; AVG, n = 53) performed in 97 patients. All access procedures were planned on the basis of preoperative duplex scans of arm and forearm veins. Functional patency was defined as ability to cannulate and hemodialyze patients successfully. Primary and secondary cumulative functional patency of TAVFs, AVFs, and AVGs was determined with life table analysis, and differences were analyzed with the log-rank test. Differences in revision rates, including thrombolysis, thrombectomies, and operative revisions, were determined with the Fisher exact
t test.
Mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 4-24 months). For TAVFs, AVFs, and AVGs, primary functional patency rate at 1 year was 76.2%, 53.3%, and 47.2%, respectively, and at 2 years was 67.7%, 34.4%, and 25.5%, respectively. Similarly, secondary functional patency rate at 1 year was 83.2%, 66.7%, and 58.5%, respectively, and at 2 years was 74.6%, 56.2%, and 40.2%, respectively. Primary and secondary functional patency rates for TAVFs were superior to those for AVGs at 1 and 2 years (
P < .001). AVFs had superior secondary functional patency rate at 2 years, compared with AVGs (
P < .05), and TAVFs had superior primary and secondary patency rates at 2 years, compared with AVFs (
P < .05). AVGs required significantly more revisions than did TAVFs (28.5% vs 54.7%;
P < .001) or AVFs (36.7% vs 54.7%;
P < .05).
Preoperative duplex scanning of upper arm and forearm veins facilitated successful creation of all types of autogenous fistulas at our institution. TAVF cumulative functional patency rates were superior compared with AVGs and AVFs. Furthermore, TAVFs and AVFs were more durable and required fewer revisions than did AVGs. When preoperative duplex criteria indicate that TAVFs can be performed, they should be the initial access of choice, because of their superior long-term patency and durability.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was first identified in isolation in Europe during the 1960's. Now widespread throughout the world, infection with this organism has emerged as a major ...problem in surgical practice. However, it remains debatable whether MRSA is more virulent than methicillin-susceptible strains. We have reviewed our most recent 4-year experience of lower extremity amputations to examine the influence of MRSA and non-MRSA infection on clinical outcome. During the past 4 years, 165 patients underwent lower extremity amputation for SVS/ISCVS category III acute limb ischemia and grades II and III chronic limb ischemia. Forty-five had documented MRSA infection, while 57 patients had documented infection with other flora. All patients were treated with appropriate sensitivity-specific antibiotics and aggressive wound care. No significant differences were noted in the level of primary amputation required by the two groups. Similarly, no significant differences were noted in either number of revisions or revision to higher-level amputation, time to heal, hospital length of stay, or 30-day morbidity and mortality rates. Our results demonstrate that MRSA infection does not adversely affect clinical outcome in patients undergoing lower extremity amputations. Appropriate treatment of infections with sensitivity-specific antibiotics, thorough wound debridement, and aggressive wound monitoring should be routine in all patients, regardless of bacterial flora.
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