For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the Chinese economy in 2007 with the most recent statistics availability, a concrete inventory covering CO
2, CH
4, and N
2O is composed and associated with an ...input–output analysis to reveal the emission embodiment in final consumption and international trade. The estimated total direct GHG emission amounts to 7456.12
Mt CO
2-eq by the commonly referred IPCC global warming potentials, with 63.39% from energy-related CO
2, 22.31% from non-energy-related CO
2, 11.15% from CH
4 and 3.15% from N
2O. Responsible for 81.32% of the total GHG emissions are the five sectors of the
Electric Power/Steam and Hot Water Production and Supply,
Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals,
Nonmetal Mineral Products,
Agriculture, and
Coal Mining and Dressing, with distinctive emission structures. The sector of
Construction holds the top GHG emissions embodied in both domestic production and consumption, and the emission embodied in gross capital formation is prominently more than those in other components of the final consumption characterized by extensive investment in contrast to limited household consumption. China is a net exporter of embodied GHG emissions, with emissions embodied in exports of 3060.18
Mt CO
2-eq, in magnitude up to 41.04% of the total direct emission.
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a common congenital malformation of the craniofacial region. There are 3 possible pathogenic models of HFM—vascular abnormality and hemorrhage in the craniofacial ...region, damage to Meckel’s cartilage, and the abnormal development of cranial neural crest cells—and the most plausible hypothesis is the vascular abnormality and hemorrhage model. These 3 models are interrelated, and none of them is completely concordant with all the variable manifestations of HFM. External environmental factors (e.g., thalidomide, triazene, retinoic acid, and vasoactive medications), maternal intrinsic factors (e.g., maternal diabetes), and genetic factors (e.g., the recently reported mutations in OTX2, PLCD3, and MYT1) may lead to HFM through ≥1 of these pathogenic processes. Whole genome sequencing to identify additional pathogenic variants, biological functional studies to understand the exact molecular mechanisms, and additional animal model and clinical studies with large stratified samples to elucidate the pathogenesis of HFM will be necessary. Small-molecule drugs, as well as CRISPR/CAS9-based genetic interventions, for the prevention and treatment of HFM may also be a future research hotspot.
In this paper we investigate the implementation of contact angles in the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann modeling of wetting at a large density ratio ρ_{L}/ρ_{V}=500. The pseudopotential lattice ...Boltzmann model X. Shan and H. Chen, Phys. Rev. E 49, 2941 (1994)10.1103/PhysRevE.49.2941 is a popular mesoscopic model for simulating multiphase flows and interfacial dynamics. In this model the contact angle is usually realized by a fluid-solid interaction. Two widely used fluid-solid interactions, the density-based interaction and the pseudopotential-based interaction, as well as a modified pseudopotential-based interaction formulated in the present paper are numerically investigated and compared in terms of the achievable contact angles, the maximum and the minimum densities, and the spurious currents. It is found that the pseudopotential-based interaction works well for simulating small static (liquid) contact angles θ<90^{∘}, however, it is unable to reproduce static contact angles close to 180^{∘}. Meanwhile, it is found that the proposed modified pseudopotential-based interaction performs better in light of the maximum and the minimum densities and is overall more suitable for simulating large contact angles θ>90^{∘} as compared with the two other types of fluid-solid interactions. Furthermore, the spurious currents are found to be enlarged when the fluid-solid interaction force is introduced. Increasing the kinematic viscosity ratio between the vapor and liquid phases is shown to be capable of reducing the spurious currents caused by the fluid-solid interactions.
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A multiscale model is developed to investigate the evolution mechanisms of site-specific grain structures during additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic alloys, using the selective ...electron beam melting (SEBM) fabrication of Ti-6Al-4V as an example. Specifically, finite-element method is utilized to predict the thermal response at macroscale during SEBM, and the extracted thermal information is then input into a temperature-dependent phase-field model to simulate the grain growth at mesoscale. The grain epitaxial growth, grain selection, grain nucleation and layer-by-layer manufacturing fashion are incorporated, in order to accurately predict grain structure development and relevant physical processes during AM. It is found that, the development of the predominant grain structures in the thick and thin walls, i.e., the large vertical columnar β//Nz grains and slanted columnar grains with various grain orientations, respectively, can be attributed to the competition and collaboration between the thermal gradient and the crystallographically preferred grain growth, as shown from the different growth stages in the simulations. Good agreements in the final grain structures and textures are achieved between the experimental observations and numerical simulations. The present study potentially offers valuable insights and guidance toward designing AM conditions to tailor the grain structures and textures.
The far upstream binding protein 1 (FBP1) was first identified as a DNA-binding protein that regulates c-Myc gene transcription through binding to the far upstream element (FUSE) in the promoter ...region 1.5 kb upstream of the transcription start site. FBP1 collaborates with TFIIH and additional transcription factors for optimal transcription of the c-Myc gene. In recent years, mounting evidence suggests that FBP1 acts as an RNA-binding protein and regulates mRNA translation or stability of genes, such as GAP43, p27(Kip) and nucleophosmin. During retroviral infection, FBP1 binds to and mediates replication of RNA from Hepatitis C and Enterovirus 71. As a nuclear protein, FBP1 may translocate to the cytoplasm in apoptotic cells. The interaction of FBP1 with p38/JTV-1 results in FBP1 ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasomes. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations by FBP1 contribute to cell proliferation, migration or cell death. FBP1 association with carcinogenesis has been reported in c-Myc dependent or independent manner. This review summarizes biochemical features of FBP1, its mechanism of action, FBP family members and the involvement of FBP1 in carcinogenesis.
Solitary, persistent wave packets called solitons hold potential to transfer information and energy across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales in physical, chemical, and biological systems. ...Mechanical solitons characteristically emerge either as a single wave packet or uncorrelated propagating topological entities through space and/or time, but these are notoriously difficult to control. Here, we report a theoretical framework for programming static periodic topological solitons into a metamaterial, and demonstrate its implementation in real metamaterials computationally and experimentally. The solitons are excited by deformation localizations under quasi-static compression, and arise from buckling-induced kink-antikink bands that provide domain separation barriers. The soliton number and wavelength demonstrate a previously unreported size-dependence, due to intrinsic length scales. We identify that these unanticipated solitons stem from displacive phase transitions with periodic topological excitations captured by the well-known Formula: see text theory. Results reveal pathways for robust regularizations of stochastic responses of metamaterials.
The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have been widely used in modeling particle transport and distribution in enclosed spaces. Generally, the particle models can be classified as either ...Eulerian or Lagrangian methods while each has its own pros and cons. This investigation is to compare the two modeling methods with an emphasis on their performance of predicting particle concentration distributions in ventilated spaces. Both the Eulerian and Lagrangian models under examination were performed based on the same airflow field calculated by solving the RANS equations with the
k
–
ε
turbulence model. The numerical results obtained with the two methods were compared with the experimental data. The comparison shows that both of the methods can well predict the steady-state particle concentration distribution, while the Lagrangian method was computationally more demanding. The two models were further compared in predicting the transient dispersion of the particles from a coughing passenger in a section of airliner cabin. In the unsteady state condition, the Lagrangian method performed better than the Eulerian method.
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) based computational approach integrating phase-field method (PFM) and crystal plasticity (CP) is proposed to model recrystallization of plastically deformed ...polycrystals in three dimensions (3-D). CP at the grain level is employed as the constitutive description to predict the inhomogeneous distribution of strain and stress fields after plastic deformation of a polycrystalline aggregate while the kinetics of recrystallization is obtained employing a PFM in the plastically deformed grain structure. The elasto-viscoplastic equilibrium is guaranteed during each step of temporal phase-field evolution. Static recrystallization involving plasticity during grain growth is employed as an example to demonstrate the proposed computational framework. The simulated recrystallization kinetics is compared using the classical Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory. This study also gives us a new computational pathway to explore the plasticity-driven evolution of 3D microstructures.
The complex interplay of spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom provides a plethora of exotic phases and physical phenomena. In recent years, complex spin topologies have emerged as a ...consequence of the electronic band structure and the interplay between spin and spin-orbit coupling in materials. Here we produce complex topologies of electrical polarization--namely, nanometre-scale vortex-antivortex (that is, clockwise-anticlockwise) arrays that are reminiscent of rotational spin topologies--by making use of the competition between charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in superlattices of alternating lead titanate and strontium titanate layers. Atomic-scale mapping of the polar atomic displacements by scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of long-range ordered vortex-antivortex arrays that exhibit nearly continuous polarization rotation. Phase-field modelling confirms that the vortex array is the low-energy state for a range of superlattice periods. Within this range, the large gradient energy from the vortex structure is counterbalanced by the corresponding large reduction in overall electrostatic energy (which would otherwise arise from polar discontinuities at the lead titanate/strontium titanate interfaces) and the elastic energy associated with epitaxial constraints and domain formation. These observations have implications for the creation of new states of matter (such as dipolar skyrmions, hedgehog states) and associated phenomena in ferroic materials, such as electrically controllable chirality.
To describe the clinical characteristics of patients in a Fangcang Hospital.
Non-critically ill individuals with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests admitted between 7 February and 12 February 2020 to ...Dongxihu Fangcang Hospital, which was promptly constructed because of the rapid, exponential increase in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, were included; clinical course through to 22 February was recorded.
A total of 1012 non-critically ill individuals with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests were included in the study. Thirty (of 1012, 3.0%) individuals were asymptomatic on admission. During hospitalization, 16 of 30 (53.3%) asymptomatic individuals developed different symptoms. Fourteen of 1012 patients (1.4%) remained asymptomatic from exposure to the end of follow up, with a median duration of 24 days (interquartile range 22–27). Fever (761 of 1012, 75.2%) and cough (531 of 1012, 52.4%) were the most common symptoms. Small patchy opacities (355 of 917, 38.7%) and ground-glass opacities (508 of 917, 55.4%) were common imaging manifestations in chest CT scans. One hundred patients (9.9%) were transferred to designated hospitals due to aggravation of illness. Diarrhoea emerged in 152 of 1012 patients (15.0%). Male, older age, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chills, dyspnoea, So2 value of ≤93%, white blood cell counts of >10 × 109/L and large consolidated opacities on CT images were all risk factors for aggravation of illness.
Non-critically ill individuals had different clinical characteristics from critically ill individuals. Asymptomatic infections only accounted for a small proportion of COVID-19. Although with a low incidence, diarrhoea was observed in patients with COVID-19, indicating the possibility of faecal–oral transmission.
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