Glycosylation is one of the major posttranslational modifications of proteins. N‐glycosylation (Asn‐linked) and O‐glycosylation (Ser/Thr‐linked) are the two main forms. Abnormal O‐glycosylation is ...frequently observed on the surface of tumor cells, and is associated with an adverse outcome and poor prognosis in patients with cancer. O‐glycans (Tn, sTn, and T antigen) can be synthesized in the Golgi apparatus with the aid of several glycosyltransferases (such as T‐synthase and ST6GalNAc‐I) in a suitable environment. The unique molecular chaperone of T‐synthase is Cosmc, which helps T‐synthase to fold correctly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Dysregulation of these glycosyltransferases, molecular chaperones, or the environment is involved in the dysregulation of O‐glycans. Tn, sTn, and T antigen neo‐ or over‐expression occurs in many types of cancer including gastric, colon, breast, lung, esophageal, prostate, and endometrial cancer. This review discusses the major synthetic pathway of O‐glycans and the mechanism by which Tn, sTn, and T antigens promote tumor metastasis.
Single chip integrated spectrometers are critical to bring chemical and biological sensing, spectroscopy, and spectral imaging into robust, compact and cost-effective devices. Existing on-chip ...spectrometer approaches fail to realize both high resolution and broad band. Here we demonstrate a microring resonator-assisted Fourier-transform (RAFT) spectrometer, which is realized using a tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) cascaded with a tunable microring resonator (MRR) to enhance the resolution, integrated with a photodetector onto a single chip. The MRR boosts the resolution to 0.47 nm, far beyond the Rayleigh criterion of the tunable MZI-based Fourier-transform spectrometer. A single channel achieves large bandwidth of ~ 90 nm with low power consumption (35 mW for MRR and 1.8 W for MZI) at the expense of degraded signal-to-noise ratio due to time-multiplexing. Integrating a RAFT element array is envisaged to dramatically extend the bandwidth for spectral analytical applications such as chemical and biological sensing, spectroscopy, image spectrometry, etc.
•Flow mechanism of supercritical hydrocarbon fluids was investigated.•Comparison on thermal performances for two hydrocarbon fluids was compared.•Correlations for supercritical hydrocarbon fluids in ...a mini-channel were proposed.
Printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is receiving wide attention as a new kind of compact heat exchanger. It is considered as a promising vaporizer in floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) vessels due to its compactness and high efficiency. In this paper, the numerical model with two Zigzag mini-channels was built. The cross section was a semicircle with the diameter of 1.5 mm and the overall length was 200 mm. In the simulation, SST k-ω turbulent model was employed and validated against experimental data of supercritical CO2 flow. The mechanism of flow and heat transfer was investigated, and the influence of operating parameters including mass flux, outlet pressure and inlet temperature was analyzed from the perspective of high-speed components of turbulent core area, degree of flow separation, energy transport and dissipation rate. The results indicated that the worse flow performance and better heat transfer performance exhibited at higher mass flux and inlet temperature conditions, whereas the higher outlet pressure conditions exhibited the better flow and heat transfer performances. Correlations for the Fanning friction factor and Nusselt number were developed within a deviation of ±5%, aiming to apply to the prediction of thermal–hydraulic performance of supercritical LNG.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a quantum communication technology that promises unconditional communication security. High-performance and cost-effective QKD systems are essential for the ...establishment of quantum communication networks1–3. By integrating all the optical components (except the laser source) on a silicon photonic chip, we have realized a stable, miniaturized and low-cost system for continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) that is compatible with the existing fibre optical communication infrastructure4. Here, the integrated silicon photonic chip is demonstrated for CV-QKD. It implements the widely studied Gaussian-modulated coherent state protocol that encodes continuous distributed information on the quadrature of laser light5,6. Our proof-of-principle chip-based CV-QKD system is capable of producing a secret key rate of 0.14 kbps (under collective attack) over a simulated distance of 100 km in fibre, offering new possibilities for low-cost, scalable and portable quantum networks.
This study developed a 360° field of view (FOV) lighting measurement method with the aid of the Ricoh Theta Z1 panoramic camera. As versatile lighting information from all viewing directions within ...360° FOV can be retrieved from a single 360° high dynamic range image, this new method improves the lighting measurement efficiency. Potential unique applications are reported in the present paper as Part 2 of this study. Corresponding lighting information covers a 360° luminance map, a 360° coefficient of variation map of luminance (CVL), a 360° luminance contrast (C1) map or ratio (Cr1) map between any interested target located at the viewing direction and its near background, a 360° luminance contrast (C2) map or ratio (Cr2) map between the same target and the ambient environment and a 360° illuminance map and its single coefficient of variation of illuminance (CVE) value of all illuminances on the illuminance map. All lighting information is measured at the same point with 360° viewing directions to analyse the uniformity and continuity of the lighting environment. An angular distance weighted illuminance calibration is used to correct possible mismatched white balance of the front and rear camera lenses in a scenario with multiple light sources of dramatically different Correlated Colour Temperature (CCTs). All customized camera-control and data treatment programs, including MATLAB code and Python programs, are uploaded to the project GitHub site for online sharing.
The strong light-matter interaction and the valley selective optical selection rules make monolayer (ML) MoS2 an exciting 2D material for fundamental physics and optoelectronics applications. But, so ...far, optical transition linewidths even at low temperature are typically as large as a few tens of meV and contain homogeneous and inhomogeneous contributions. This prevented in-depth studies, in contrast to the better-characterized ML materials MoSe2 and WSe2 . In this work, we show that encapsulation of ML MoS2 in hexagonal boron nitride can efficiently suppress the inhomogeneous contribution to the exciton linewidth, as we measure in photoluminescence and reflectivity a FWHM down to 2 meV at T=4K . Narrow optical transition linewidths are also observed in encapsulated WS2 , WSe2 , and MoSe2 MLs. This indicates that surface protection and substrate flatness are key ingredients for obtaining stable, high-quality samples. Among the new possibilities offered by the well-defined optical transitions, we measure the homogeneous broadening induced by the interaction with phonons in temperature-dependent experiments. We uncover new information on spin and valley physics and present the rotation of valley coherence in applied magnetic fields perpendicular to the ML.
This study developed a 360° field of view (FOV) lighting measurement method with the aid of the Ricoh Theta Z1 panoramic camera. As versatile lighting information from all viewing directions within ...360° FOV can be retrieved from a single 360° high dynamic range (HDR) image, this new method improves the lighting measurement efficiency. Part 1 of this study reported in the present paper focuses on technical procedure and validation. Firstly, all technical issues were solved for using the Theta Z1 camera to conduct 360° FOV lighting measurement with a provided and validated step-by-step procedure. A new illuminance measurement method was then developed with the aid of the Theta Z1 camera for calculating all directional illuminance data at the camera measurement point from any viewing direction within the 360° panoramic FOV, retrieved from a single 360° HDR image taken in the field. This 360° FOV lighting measurement method has average error rate of 4.0% ± 2.4% for luminance measurement and 3.1% ± 2.6% for illuminance measurement in building interiors. Reported outcomes include the detailed procedure and algorithms for the configuration, calibrations and post-image processing, and corresponding MATLAB code and Python programs are shared online.
Limited studies provide direct evidence of Clonorchis sinensis adults in the early stage of gallbladder stone formation. Our current research systematically studied 33 gallbladder stones resembling ...adult worms and shed light on the definite connection of C. sinensis infection with concomitant cholelithiasis. A total of 33 gallbladder stones resembling adult C. sinensis worms were systematically analysed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectrometry were used to analyse the composition and microstructure. Meanwhile, a histopathological examination of the stone was carried out. The 33 gallbladder stones resembling adult C. sinensis worms included nine calcium carbonate (CaCO3) stones, 12 bilirubinate stones and 12 mixed stones. Clonorchis sinensis eggs were found in 30 cases, including all CaCO3 and mixed stones. Parasite tissues were detected in 12 cases, which were mainly CaCO3 stones or bilirubinate–CaCO3 mixed stones. The outer layer of stones was wrapped with 12.88% calcium salt, as revealed by X-ray energy spectrometry, while surprisingly, many C. sinensis eggs were found in the inner part of these stones. Based on our current findings, we concluded that calcification and packaging occurred after C. sinensis adult entrance into the gallbladder, subsequently leading to the early formation of CaCO3 or bilirubinate–CaCO3 mixed gallbladder stones. This discovery highlights definite evidence for C. sinensis infection causing gallbladder stones.
The price of electricity supplied from home rooftop photo voltaic (PV) solar cells has fallen below the retail price of grid electricity in some areas. A number of residential households have an ...economic incentive to install rooftop PV systems and reduce their purchases of electricity from the grid. A significant portion of the costs incurred by utility companies are fixed costs which must be recovered even as consumption falls. Electricity rates must increase in order for utility companies to recover fixed costs from shrinking sales bases. Increasing rates will, in turn, result in even more economic incentives for customers to adopt rooftop PV. In this paper, we model this feedback between PV adoption and electricity rates and study its impact on future PV penetration and net-metering costs. We find that the most important parameter that determines whether this feedback has an effect is the fraction of customers who adopt PV in any year based solely on the money saved by doing so in that year, independent of the uncertainties of future years. These uncertainties include possible changes in rate structures such as the introduction of connection charges, the possibility of PV prices dropping significantly in the future, possible changes in tax incentives, and confidence in the reliability and maintainability of PV.
•Households who install PV reduce their electricity consumption from the grid.•Electricity rates must increase for utility companies to recover its fixed costs.•However, higher electricity rates give households more incentives to adopt PV.•We find that this feedback has significant impact on PV uptake only in later years.•Utility companies could lose a significant fraction of high consumption customers.
Air temperature (Tair) near the ground surface is a fundamental descriptor of terrestrial environment conditions and one of the most widely used climatic variables in global change studies. The main ...objective of this study was to explore the possibility of retrieving high-resolution Tair from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) products, covering complex terrain in Northeast China. The All Subsets Regression (ASR) method was adopted to select the predictors and build optimal multiple linear regression models for estimating maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin), and mean (Tmean) air temperatures. The relative importance of predictors in these models was evaluated via the Standardized Regression Coefficients (SRCs) method. The results indicated that the optimal models could estimate the Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean with relatively high accuracies (Model Efficiency ≥ 0.90). Both LST and day length (DL) predictors were important in estimating Tmax (SRCs: daytime LST = 0.53, DL = 0.35), Tmin (SRCs: nighttime LST = 0.74, DL = 0.23), and Tmean (SRCs: nighttime LST = 0.72, DL = 0.28). Models predicting Tmin and Tmean had better performance than the one predicting Tmax. Nighttime LST was better at predicting Tmin and Tmean than daytime LST data at predicting Tmax. Land covers had noticeable influences on estimating Tair, and even seasonal vegetation greening could result in temporal variations of model performance. Air temperature could be accurately estimated using remote sensing, but the model performance was varied across different spatial and temporal scales. More predictors should be incorporated for the purpose of improving the estimation of near surface Tair from the MODIS LST production.
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