Energy-dense food exposure and stress during development have been suggested to contribute to obesity and metabolic disorders later in life. Although these factors are frequently associated, the ...effects of their combination have not yet been investigated. In this study, using an animal model, we examined the long-term impact of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) and early-life stress (ELS) on energy homoeostasis control and food motivation.
Body weight growth under HFD, adipose tissue, body weight control in response to fasting and refeeding, food-motivated behaviour and mesolimbic dopamine function were examined in adult male offspring exposed to maternal HFD (during gestation and lactation) and/or ELS (maternal separation 3 h per day from postnatal day 2 to 14).
Maternal HFD or ELS alone had no significant effect on offspring body weight; however, the combination of these factors exacerbated body weight gain when animals were exposed to HFD after weaning. There are no other significant combinatory effects of these perinatal events. In contrast, independently of the maternal diet, ELS disrupted body weight control during a fasting-refeeding procedure, increased adipose tissue mass and altered lipid metabolism. Finally, maternal HFD and ELS both resulted in exacerbated food-motivated behaviour and blunted dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens during palatable food consumption.
We report a synergistic effect of perinatal HFD exposure and stress on the susceptibility to gain weight under HFD. However, ELS has a stronger impact than maternal HFD exposure on energy homoeostasis and food motivation in adult offspring. Altogether, our results suggest a programming effect of stress and nutrition supporting the hypothesis of the developmental origin of health and disease.
The role of the endocannabinoid system in nicotine addiction is being increasingly acknowledged. Acute inhibition of anandamide (AEA) degradation efficiently reduces nicotine withdrawal-induced ...affective symptoms in rats and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the degradation enzyme of AEA, has been proposed as a possible treatment against nicotine addiction. However, it is unclear whether chronic inhibition of AEA during nicotine abstinence will have beneficial or deleterious affective side-effects. Using a rat model of nicotine addiction, we found that, during abstinence, rats injected daily with a FAAH inhibitor (URB597) developed a depressive-like phenotype. Our results show that in the nicotine abstinent rats, URB597 induced low saccharin consumption, persistent immobility in the forced swim test and increased corticosterone levels in response to stress. In addition, URB597decreased CB1 receptor binding and activity in the habenula, a key structure in the control of nicotine-related emotional states. In contrast, non-treated abstinent rats showed increased CB1 receptor activity and behaviors comparable to controls. No FAAH inhibition-induced alterations were observed in animals that had a previous history of saline self-administration. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic FAAH inhibition prevents the homeostatic adaptations of habenular CB1 receptor function that are necessary for the recovery from nicotine dependence.
•Nicotine dependent rats show anhedonia upon nicotine cessation.•We investigated the effects of URB597, a FAAH inhibitor, on depressive symptoms during abstinence.•Chronic FAAH inhibition induces depressive-like behaviors in nicotine abstinent rats.•CB1 receptor activity in the habenula is decreased only in FAAH treated nicotine rats.
► We studied the impact of OTR during bottle storage of rosé wines properties. ► Colour, polyphenolic and sensory analyses performed at bottling (T0) and after 14months of storage (T14). ► ...Anthocyanin–caftaric acid adducts were detected in wine for the first time. ► The levels of some phenylpyranoanthocyanins significantly increased with time and OTR. ► The higher OTR wines were more fruity, floral with higher colour intensity.
The impact of moderate oxygen exposure on the post bottling evolution of two Grenache rosé wines has been investigated. Different oxygen transfer rate (OTR) conditions were ensured by using synthetic closures with controlled oxygen permeability and storage under controlled atmosphere. Phenolic composition was determined, at bottling (T0) and after 10months of ageing (T10), by reverse-phase HPLC-DAD–MS analysis, performed directly on the wines and after phloroglucinolysis for proanthocyanidins. Colour was evaluated by UV–vis spectrophotometry and tristimulus colourimetry. Descriptive sensory analysis was carried out by a trained panel. Correlations were established between sensory analysis and colour, polyphenolic and enological measurements. At bottling, major phenolic compounds, in both rosé wines, were hydroxycinnamic acids, followed by anthocyanins and lower amounts of flavanols. After 10months of ageing, a loss of sulphites, native anthocyanins and flavanyl-anthocyanin adducts, an accumulation of phenyl-pyranoanthocyanins, and an increase of the colour intensity were observed. All these changes were enhanced under higher OTR conditions, especially in the wine containing initially higher levels of phenolic compounds. The higher OTR wines were also perceived as more floral and fruity and less animal than those stored under lower oxygen exposure, in agreement with previous observations on red Grenache wines.
Background and Aims
We studied the ageing of rosé wine in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles compared to that in the reference glass bottle, as the PET bottle needs less energy for manufacture, ...transport and recycling, which is of benefit for minimising environmental concerns. Our study focused on the evolution of the sensory characteristics of rosé wine.
Methods and Results
Sensory characteristics were monitored over a period that corresponded to the duration of marketing of this type of wine. Several types of PET bottle – recycled, not recycled, with or without oxygen scavengers – were compared with the glass bottle. The wines were subjected to sensory analysis using the methodology of conventional descriptive profile by an expert panel. The impact of PET bottles on the colour and sensory characteristics of rosé wine was significant, which was due mainly to oxygen transfer through the PET bottle. The impact was much less for the taste characteristics.
Conclusions
Packaging rosé wine in PET bottles has a significant impact on the evolution of rosé wine.
Significance of the Study
These results can guide professionals in the choice of packaging according to the wine.
Enhanced motivation to take drugs is a central characteristic of addiction, yet the neural underpinning of this maladaptive behavior is still largely unknown. Here, we report a D1-like dopamine ...receptor (DRD1)-mediated long-term potentiation of GABAA-IPSCs (D1-LTPGABA) in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis that was positively correlated with motivation to self-administer cocaine in rats. Likewise, in vivo intra-oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis DRD1 pharmacological blockade reduced lever pressing for cocaine more effectively in rats showing enhanced motivation toward cocaine. D1-LTPGABA resulted from enhanced function and expression of G-protein-independent DRD1 coupled to c-Src tyrosine kinases and required local release of neurotensin. There was no D1-LTPGABA in rats that self-administered sucrose, in those with limited cocaine self-administration experience, or in those that received cocaine passively (yoked). Therefore, our study reveals a novel neurophysiological mechanism contributing to individual motivation to self-administer cocaine, a critical psychobiological element of compulsive drug use and addiction.
Clonidine is used as a treatment for heroin addiction. Previous studies have reported that clonidine attenuated conditioned place aversion (CPA) to naloxone‐precipitated opiate withdrawal by acting ...on α2 adrenoceptors (α2R). However, clonidine acts as a partial agonist both at α2R and at imidazoline‐1 receptors (I1Rs). The current study was designed to determine the role of I1R in the induction of naloxone‐induced CPA in morphine‐dependent rats. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of morphine pellets. Morphine‐dependent rats were tested in a three‐chamber place‐aversion apparatus. A range of agonists were chosen on the basis of their differential selectivity for α2R and I1R. As expected, pretreatment with clonidine prevented naloxone‐induced CPA. By contrast, pretreatment with a selective α2R agonist (UK14304) failed to prevent the CPA. We then tested whether the high affinity of clonidine for I1R was responsible for the difference between these two α2R agonists. Rilmenidine (a mixed α2R/I1R agonist) attenuated aversion to opiate withdrawal in a dose‐dependent manner. The action of clonidine on I1R was studied by co‐administering clonidine with RX821002, a specific α2R antagonist. Co‐treatment with RX821002 and clonidine blocked naloxone‐induced CPA. These results indicate that the pharmacologically protective effects of clonidine on naloxone‐induced CPA are related to actions on I1RS as well as α2Rs.
It has been suggested that an increase firing rate of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus is responsible for the opiate withdrawal syndrome. However, lesion studies have indicated that the ...noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus are not essential for either the expression or suppression by clonidine of opiate withdrawal. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the almost complete 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of noradrenergic neurons (94%) of the locus ceruleus on various components of the opiate withdrawal syndrome and on its protection by clonidine. Morphine dependence was induced by s.c. implantation of morphine pellets (2 x 75 mg base). The following paradigms were used: 1) naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion, 2) naloxone-precipitated acute opiate withdrawal syndrome, 3) nycthemeral locomotor activity as a measure of spontaneous opiate withdrawal. The results showed that quasi-total lesion of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus did not modify opiate dependence as revealed by naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion and the expression of an acute morphine withdrawal syndrome. Moreover, clonidine prevented the opiate withdrawal syndrome in both lesioned and sham-operated rats, suggesting that the action of clonidine is certainly mediated through postsynaptic alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation. Finally, the nycthemeral locomotor activity during spontaneous morphine withdrawal did not differ between the lesioned and the sham-operated rats.
A formal total synthesis of the sesterterpenoid (±)-dysidiolide (1), a structurally novel sponge metabolite that inhibits the cdc25A protein phosphatase, and approaches to the syntheses of ...(±)-15-epi- (34), (±)-6-epi- (36), and (±)-6,15-bisepidysidiolide (39) are described.
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