Background. Internationally, the development of partnerships between institutions of higher learning and the communities they serve is stressed as a priority. The Umthombo Youth Development ...Foundation (UYDF) is an educational model developed in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa as a response to the scarcity of medical personnel in hospitals. Community involvement in health professional education has become a key strategy in the model, and review of the model may provide lessons for other educators towards implementing community involvement in health professional education. Objective. To review the UYDF, with emphasis on aspects of community involvement. Methods. This qualitative study used a social accountability theoretical framework. Data were collected using the Appreciative Inquiry method and participants who were involved in the UYDF model were interviewed. Themes arising around community involvement were generated inductively. Results. Community involvement in health professional education grew from a funding requirement and has strengthened over time to become an integral component of the UYDF model. Community involvement occurred mainly at the student selection process, but continued during education and after graduation. Participants suggested means by which community involvement could be strengthened. Conclusion. The UYDF successfully presents a model that facilitates community involvement in health professional education. Lessons learnt could guide other models, and the UYDF model could be strengthened by further research.
Background : Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease on antiretroviral therapy (ART) may experience pain for a variety of reasons, including the effects of the virus itself, ...associated opportunistic infections and the ART. Studies indicate that pain in adults on ART is frequent, can be severe, and is often undertreated. This study sought to explore the experience, and the prevalence of pain in young children aged 3-13 years on ART. Method : Primary caregivers of children aged 3-13 years on ART attending a paediatric ART clinic at a regional hospital in Durban participated in the study. Convenience sampling was used. The Wong-Baker FACESTM Pain Rating Scale and a questionnaire adapted from Hirshefeld were used to investigate variables such as age, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count, ART regimen, ART duration, and site, prevalence and impact of pain during activities. Data were analysed using a standard statistical programme. Results : Four hundred and twenty primary caregivers were interviewed. Most were mothers caring for their HIV-positive children, and the majority of the children were aged 3-7 years. Most children were on a first-line ART regimen, and half reported pain. Nociceptive pain (visceral or somatic) was the most common type of pain, and pain interfered with the daily activities of a third of the children. There was a significant association between CD4 count and pain (p-value = 0.040). Paracetamol was the most commonly used analgesic. Conclusion : Pain was a common problem, and generally was undertreated with analgesia. A need to improve pain assessment and management in this population group was identified.
Chytridiomycosis is a fatal disease of amphibians, caused by the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. The disease is unusual in that it may drive many amphibian species to local ...extinction during outbreaks. These dramatic declines in host population numbers could be facilitated if the pathogen can grow as a saprobe or on alternative hosts, a feature common to other chytrid species. This is also supported by in vitro work that demonstrates B. dendrobatidis can grow and reproduce in the absence of amphibian cells. In a previous study, B. dendrobatidis was detected on freshwater shrimp from rain forest streams in northern Queensland, Australia, using diagnostic PCR. We set out to confirm and further investigate the presence of B. dendrobatidis on crustaceans by carrying out more extensive sampling of shrimp in the field, experimental B. dendrobatidis infection trials using shrimp and crayfish, and PCR verification of the presence of B. dendrobatidis from shrimp samples that previously tested positive. We could not confirm the presence of B. dendrobatidis on shrimp, and report that original positive tests in shrimp reported by Rowley et al. (2006) were likely false. Thus, we suggest that shrimp may not be an important reservoir host for B. dendrobatidis.
PTEN enters the nucleus by diffusion Liu, Fenghua; Wagner, Stefan; Campbell, Robert B. ...
Journal of cellular biochemistry,
1 October 2005, Letnik:
96, Številka:
2
Journal Article
The addition of 0.25% isoflurane to 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen provides more effective pain relief in labour than 50% nitrous oxide alone. This study was carried out to determine whether ...self‐administration by demand valve of 0.25% isoflurane in 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen premixed in cylinders at 13.7 MPa (IN2O) was practical and safe during labour. Two hundred and twenty‐one mothers used IN2O in labour after 50% nitrous oxide had become inadequate for pain relief. Data on IN2O use was recorded during labour and details of the course of labour and opioid usage were taken from the clinical notes. The duration of IN2O use was 0.1–12.35 h (median 2.3). Thirty‐two mothers (14.5%) required an epidural and intolerance to IN2O was seen in a maximum of 17 cases (7.7%). One hundred and twenty‐six cases were primiparous and 93 parous with 151 deliveries being spontaneous and 70 interventional, of which 12 were by Caesarean section. Maternal blood loss was 20–1500 ml (median 200 ml). Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were unaffected by IN2O use although a positive correlation was found between the use of opioids and the number of neonates with a 1‐min score below 8 and the number requiring resuscitation. Six neonates had an Apgar score below 8 at 5 min, but their condition was adequately explained by factors other than the sedative technique used. Self‐administered IN2O was found to be a safe and practical technique for sedation in labour when 50% nitrous oxide alone had become inadequate.
Twelve infants with diaphragmatic hernias plus other anomalies who had mosaicism for tetrasomy isochromosome 12p (Pallister-Killian syndrome) are reviewed. A newborn infant with a diaphragmatic ...hernia plus dysmorphic features and a normal peripheral blood karyotype should have chromosome analysis performed on fibroblasts or bone marrow.
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