Global burden of COPD López-Campos, José Luis; Tan, Wan; Soriano, Joan B
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.),
January 2016, Letnik:
21, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
It is estimated that the world population will reach a record 7.3 billion in 2015, and the high burden of chronic conditions associated with ageing and smoking will increase further. Respiratory ...diseases in general receive little attention and funding in comparison with other major causes of global morbidity and mortality. In particular, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been a major public health problem and will remain a challenge for clinicians within the 21st century. Worldwide, COPD is in the spotlight, since its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality create formidable challenges for health-care systems. This review emphasizes the magnitude of the COPD problem from a clinician's standpoint by drawing extensively from the new findings of the Global Burden of Disease study. Updated, distilled information on the population distribution of COPD is useful for the clinician to help provide an appreciation of the relative impact of COPD in daily practice compared with other chronic conditions, and to allocate minimum resources in anticipation of future needs in care. Despite recent trends in reduction of COPD standardized mortality rates and some recent successes in anti-smoking efforts in a number of Western countries, the overarching demographic impact of ageing in an ever-expanding world population, joined with other factors such as high rates of smoking and air pollution in Asia, will ensure that COPD will continue to pose an ever-increasing problem well into the 21st century.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an acute, life-threatening syndrome typically characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Both genetic and idiopathic ...TTP are caused by deficient activity of the serine protease ADAMTS-13, allowing its normal substrate, von Willebrand factor, to polymerize and bind platelets under high sheer conditions. Autoimmune TTP is typically treated by plasmapheresis and corticosteroids. Here, we describe a 69-year-old patient presenting with thrombopenia comorbid with "warm" autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA). Treatment with steroids and plasma exchange initiated at the beginning and patient acquired a clinical as well as biological response. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening condition typically (but not always) associated with autoimmune or genetic inactivation of the protease ADAMTS-13, for which consistently effective therapeutic interventions remain elusive.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an acute, life-threatening syndrome typically characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Both genetic and idiopathic ...TTP are caused by deficient activity of the serine protease ADAMTS-13, allowing its normal substrate, von Willebrand factor, to polymerize and bind platelets under high sheer conditions. Autoimmune TTP is typically treated by plasmapheresis and corticosteroids. Here, we describe a 69-year-old patient presenting with thrombopenia comorbid with "warm" autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA). Treatment with steroids and plasma exchange initiated at the beginning and patient acquired a clinical as well as biological response. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening condition typically (but not always) associated with autoimmune or genetic inactivation of the protease ADAMTS-13, for which consistently effective therapeutic interventions remain elusive.
The ability to advance our understanding of multiple exciton generation (MEG) in organic materials has been restricted by the limited number of materials capable of singlet fission. A particular ...challenge is the development of materials that undergo efficient intramolecular fission, such that local order and strong nearest-neighbour coupling is no longer a design constraint. Here we address these challenges by demonstrating that strong intrachain donor-acceptor interactions are a key design feature for organic materials capable of intramolecular singlet fission. By conjugating strong-acceptor and strong-donor building blocks, small molecules and polymers with charge-transfer states that mediate population transfer between singlet excitons and triplet excitons are synthesized. Using transient optical techniques, we show that triplet populations can be generated with yields up to 170%. These guidelines are widely applicable to similar families of polymers and small molecules, and can lead to the development of new fission-capable materials with tunable electronic structure, as well as a deeper fundamental understanding of MEG.
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: ...AR-SA;" lang="ES-MX">En 2 sitios del Desierto Chihuahuense, México, se evaluó el establecimiento en secano de las gramíneas nativas
Banderita ( Bouteloua curtipendula y Navajita ( B. gracilis ) y las introducidas Buffel ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) y Rhodes ( Chloris gayana ), utilizando cariópsides y/o semillas crudas (semilla limpia con brácteas y aristas) y cuatro métodos de tapado. Los sitios de siembra fueron Atotonilco El Grande, Hidalgo y Salinas Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí. Las siembras se hicieron a voleo a razón de 1,000 cariópsides y/o semillas crudas viables/m2. Los métodos de tapado fueron: paso de rastra con ramas; rodillo; rastra con ramas + rodillo; y sin tapado (testigo). Las variables de respuesta incluyeron número de plantas emergidas y de plantas establecidas, diámetro de corona, altura de planta y número de tallos por planta. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 x 4 con 3 repeticiones. No se observaron diferencias entre sitios y se establecieron, en promedio, 2 plantas/m2. Con las especies nativas (Banderita y Navajita) se obtuvo mayor cantidad de plantas emergidas y establecidas cuando la siembra se hizo con semillas crudas, mientras que en introducidas no se encontró diferencia entre siembra con semilla cruda y siembra con cariópsides. Cuando se utilizó el método de tapado y apisonado del suelo se observaron mayor diámetro de corona y altura de planta. El mayor número de plantas establecidas se obtuvo en pasturas de Navajita y Rhodes. En las especies nativas la eliminación de brácteas accesorias en las semillas no se tradujo en mejor establecimiento, mientras que en las gramíneas introducidas esta práctica sí mejoró el establecimiento. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-fareast-language: ES-CO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="ES-CO">En ambos grupos de especies el apisonado mejoró el establecimiento. Palabras clave: Densidad de siembra, gramíneas introducidas, gramíneas nativas, suelo apisonado, tapado de semilla.DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(4)29-37
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