Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, stress responses, insomnia and other symptoms. ...This review of rodent models of PTSD examines trauma effects on fear-related learning, cognition, and avoidance, emotional and arousal behaviors and on mitochondrial dysfunction in relevant neural pathways. The review focuses on research that includes four elements: consensus PTSD rodent models, behavioral phenotyping, mitochondrial dysfunction within key neural regions. This approach allows for the integration of behavioral, neural and cellular findings in PTSD models. The PTSD models reviewed include fear conditioning, predator/social stress, chronic restraint stress, single prolonged stress, social isolation, chronic unpredictable stress and early life stress. These models produce a variety of PTSD-related behaviors that include associative and non-associative fear- and stress-related responses, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors, cognitive disturbances, social withdrawal, compulsive behaviors, anhedonia-, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Neural regions included fear- and stress-related regions of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. PTSD models produced mitochondrial dysfunction that includes dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic pathways including β-oxidation of fatty acids and the tricarboxylic acid pathway. These models generated neural reactive oxygen species that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. Trauma models further altered mitochondrial structure and replication and affected neuroinflammatory responses, signal transduction and apoptosis. Antidepressant medications used for the treatment of PTSD reversed stress-induced changes in some PTSD-like behaviors and many elements of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Future studies can develop PTSD models which are ecologically valid and result in a broader manifestation of PTSD-related behaviors as it is clinically defined. This review highlights mitochondrial mechanisms associated with PTSD-like behaviors that have been produced in an array of consensus PTSD models and identifies putative circuit-based targets for more effective treatment for this debilitating disorder.
Radiation tests of CsI(Tl) crystals for the GLAST satellite mission Bergenius Gavler, S.; Carius, S.; Carlson, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
2005, Letnik:
545, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The electromagnetic calorimeter of the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) consists of 16 towers of CsI(Tl) crystals. Each tower contains 8 layers of crystals (each 326.0
×
26.7
×
19.9
mm
3
...) arranged in a hodoscopic fashion. The crystals are read out at both ends with PIN diodes. Crystals produced by Amcrys-H are used. As a part of the quality control procedure during crystal production, samples from the uncut boules were systematically irradiated with gamma-rays from a
60Co source. The decrease in light yield due to radiation damage was measured, determining the radiation hardness of the boule. All boule samples passed the radiation hardness requirements, showing an average decrease in light yield of (14
±
4)% after having received a dose of 200
Gy. Studies have also been carried out to verify the correspondence between the post-irradiation properties of the boule samples and the full-size crystals which are subsequently cut from the boule. A crystal log was irradiated with gamma-rays from a
60Co source and showed a decrease in light yield of (24
±
4)% after a dose of 180
Gy. A full-size crystal was also irradiated with a 180
MeV proton beam and the radiation induced attenuation and induced radioactivity was studied. The light yield was found to have decreased with (22
±
5)% after 175
Gy, and the dominant radioactive isotopes were identified.
AMANDA is a high-energy neutrino telescope presently under construction at the geographical South Pole. In the Antarctic summer 1995/96, an array of 80 optical modules (OMs) arranged on 4 strings ...(AMANDA-B4) was deployed at depths between 1.5 and 2 km. In this paper we describe the design and performance of the AMANDA-B4 prototype, based on data collected between February and November 1996. Monte Carlo simulations of the detector response to down-going atmospheric muon tracks show that the global behavior of the detector is understood. We describe the data analysis method and present first results on atmospheric muon reconstruction and separation of neutrino candidates. The AMANDA array was upgraded with 216 OMs on 6 new strings in 1996/97 (AMANDA-B10), and 122 additional OMs on 3 strings in 1997/98.
The pp → ppη reaction has been measured at six energies close to threshold, from 1258 MeV to 1352 MeV, using an internal cluster gas jet target in the CELSIUS storage ring. The η is detected through ...its decay photons, in an array of CsI detectors, and the forward-going protons are detected in a plastic scintillator spectrometer. A complete event reconstruction is obtained at the higher energies in the measured interval. The new data, together with earlier data, give an accurate determination of the energy dependence close to threshold. The influence of the η-proton FSI is seen in the total cross section data as well as in a Dalitz plot of the η-p invariant mass distributions.
The optical properties of the ice at the geographical South Pole have been investigated at depths between 0.8 and 1 kilometer. The absorption and scattering lengths of visible light (∼515 nanometers) ...have been measured in situ with the use of the laser calibration setup of the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) neutrino detector. The ice is intrinsically extremely transparent. The measured absorption length is 59 ± 3 meters, comparable with the quality of the ultrapure water used in the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven and Kamiokande proton-decay and neutrino experiments and more than twice as long as the best value reported for laboratory ice. Because of a residual density of air bubbles at these depths, the trajectories of photons in the medium are randomized. If the bubbles are assumed to be smooth and spherical, the average distance between collisions at a depth of 1 kilometer is about 25 centimeters. The measured inverse scattering length on bubbles decreases linearly with increasing depth in the volume of ice investigated.
Detector setup for a storage ring with an internal target Calén, H.; Carius, S.; Fransson, K. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/1996, Letnik:
379, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A detector setup for the cooler storage ring CELSIUS is described. The setup detects particles produced in interactions between the internal beam and a cluster-jet target. Particles emitted in the ...forward direction are measured by means of arrays of plastic scintillators and proportional counters. Particles, particularly photons, emitted more isotropically are measured by means of two calorimeters containing CsI(Na) crystals. The performance of the setup is given for neutral meson production in proton-proton and proton-deuteron interactions in the energy range 290–1360 MeV.
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