Abstract
Background and Objectives
Stereotypes are beliefs about a particular group often adopted to bypass complex information processing. Like racism and other forms of discrimination, ageism ...affects individuals and society as a whole. The purpose of the study was to analyze the Stereotype Content and Strength Survey (SCSS) designed to update assessment tools commonly used to measure stereotypes of older adults.
Research Design and Methods
An updated survey was developed including aging-related descriptive items from previously published studies. Students enrolled at two Midwestern universities (n = 491) were directed to think about their perceptions of “older adults” and select the proportion they believed could be described by the items used in the tool. Response categories for each descriptive item were dichotomized and operationalized to be a strong stereotype if the collapsed response percentage was significantly ≥80%.
Results
A Principal Axis Factor analysis and Direct Oblim rotation was computed on 117 descriptive items representing positive, negative, and physical characteristics, resulting in a 3-factor model with acceptable psychometric properties. Cronbach alpha analyses revealed reliable scales for negative (α = .92), positive (α = .88), and physical (α = .81) stereotypes. Of 117 descriptive items, 33 emerged as strong stereotypes including 30 positive, 2 physical, and 1 negative item.
Discussion and Implications
This updated assessment has the potential to contribute to an understanding of the existence of age-related stereotypes as well as the strength, or the proportion of older adults who could be described by each of the items used in the SCSS.
Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common surgical complication of major joint arthroplasty and is associated with increased lengths of stay and urinary tract infections. Studies have found ...that certain anticholinergic medications and reduced mobility are associated with POUR. This study assessed the effect of anticholinergic burden and later postoperative ambulation on POUR.
In this retrospective cohort study, we included subjects who had undergone elective primary or revision hip or knee arthroplasty (total hip arthroplasty THA or total knee arthroplasty TKA) between March 2015 and December 2017 in a single health system. Anticholinergic burden was measured using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS). We performed bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with POUR as the dependent variable. Of the 1,397 study subjects, 622 (45%) underwent THA and 775 (55%) underwent TKA. Their mean age was 65 years (range, 21 to 98), and 841 (60%) were women. POUR developed in 183 (13%) subjects.
In multivariable analyses, ADS was associated with POUR after THA (P < .05), but not TKA (P = .08), while later ambulation was not associated with POUR after either procedure (P > .3 for both).
Anticholinergic burden after THA was independently associated with POUR. Strategies to reduce anticholinergic burden may help reduce POUR after THA.
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted the health of older adults. In addition to a higher risk for serious illness and death, the societal value of senescent adults was challenged. ...There have been conflicting results reported in the research literature regarding positive and negative stereotypes of older adults, and areliable and valid assessment tool to measure content (existence of astereotype) and strength (intensity of astereotype) is unavailable. To address issues with instruments employed to measure ageist stereotypes, researchers developed the Stereotypes Content and Strength Survey. University students (
=483) were directed to "think about their perceptions of older adults" and indicate how many they believed could be described using the terms listed on a5-point Likert-type scale from none-all. Response categories for each descriptive item were dichotomized into 1 = "some, most or all" and 0 = "none or few." Based on an odds analyses of 117 items, 84 met the content criteria to be considered astereotype regarding older adults. Using the criteria for strength, items were categorized into 36 "strong," 25 "moderate," and 23 "weak" stereotypes. Assessing the content and strength of stereotypic beliefs using this procedure may contribute to major bias influencing ageist perceptions.
Selecting qualified candidates each year for residency positions has become more difficult in recent years, due to the sharp increase in Otolaryngology applicants. Although there are objective ...measures that can be used to directly compare medical students during the initial screening process, most information in the application is highly subjective and/or variable across institutions. Many programs count the total posters/presentations and publications to gauge scholarship. This measure of quantity may lead to negative bias toward those who have no home program, limited time outside of academics, and/or inadequate resources to engage in volunteer research. Evaluating the quality of research may be superior to quantity. A first‐author publication is a viable proxy that demonstrates applicants have developed skills that set them apart from their peers. They likely possess non‐clinical, translatable skills including internal motivation, self‐regulation, curation of information, and task completion that map closely with qualities that make for excellent residents.
Rapid and accurate detection of the novel coronavirus using a nasopharyngeal specimen requires training for professionals who may have limited experience. To respond to the urgent need, an ...interprofessional team created a just-in-time (JIT) module to provide only what was needed, precisely when needed, and rapidly deployed training sessions to a large group of health professionals.
In April and May 2020, health professionals from the hospital, ambulatory clinics, and public health attended training. Procedural comfort/knowledge and perception of the training were assessed with pre-survey and post-survey.
Comfort level in collecting a nasopharyngeal specimen among participating health professionals increased from 2.89 (n = 338) on the pre-survey to 4.51 (n = 300) on the postsurvey on a 5-point scale. Results revealed a significant difference (P < .01) between pre-post knowledge questions regarding the correct angle and depth of the swab to obtain an adequate sample from the nasopharynx.
This study demonstrates that a JIT intervention can improve knowledge and comfort regarding the nasopharyngeal swab procedure. In preparation for the prevention and mitigation of future viral outbreaks (ie, coronavirus and influenza), educators should consider creating JIT skills training for health care professionals who may be deployed to assist in mass testing efforts.
To describe the structure and implementation of a model in which hospitalists focus on a particular hospital unit or area, referred to as 'geographic rounding,' and to analyze its effect on ...hospitalist efficiency, interruptions, after-hours work, and satisfaction.
The leadership of our academic hospital medicine group designed a geographic rounding intervention with the goal of improving provider satisfaction and mitigating burnout. Our quantitative analysis compared the pre-intervention and post-intervention time periods with regard to progress note completion time, after-hours progress note completion, secure messaging communication volume, and Mini-Z survey results. A post-intervention qualitative analysis was performed to further explore the relationship between geographic rounding and the drivers of burnout.
Following the intervention, 97% of geographic rounders were localized to one or two geographic areas and 77% were localized to a single geographic area. Following the implementation of geographic rounding, progress notes were completed an average of 29 minutes earlier (p < 0.001). The proportion of progress notes completed after-hours decreased from 25.1% to 20% (p < 0.001). The volume of secure messages received by hospitalists decreased from 1.95 to 1.8 per patient per day (p < 0.001). The proportion of hospitalists reporting no burnout increased from 77.8% to 93% after implementing geographic rounding, a change that did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1). Qualitative analysis revealed mixed effects on work environment but improvements in efficiency, patient-centeredness, communication with nurses, and job satisfaction.
Geographic rounding represents an organization-level change that has the potential to improve hospitalist career satisfaction.
Introduction There is a large body of research reporting the healthcare needs of groups identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, ...transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ); however, a gap exists in the research literature because many epidemiological studies focus on sexual orientation rather than gender identify/incongruence. To address the lack of specific data from transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals, our organization designed and deployed a survey to assess the gender-affirming physical, mental, and social care needs of current patients. Methods A group of subspecialty physicians currently working with TGD patients created a list of questions and requested feedback from medical professionals familiar with the healthcare needs of this population. In addition, patients reviewed the survey for content and clarity. The final 68-item survey was distributed in April 2020 to patients or patients' representatives with an email address on file at the Nebraska Medicine Transgender Care Clinic (NMTCC). Participants were asked to respond to questions regarding their gender identity, their transition-related medical decisions, and their interest in services. Results Invitations were sent to 690 patients and 168 surveys were completed (response rate: 24.3%). Over 90% (n = 153) of the participants were patients and 9% (n = 15) answered survey questions on the patient's behalf. A majority (77.2%) had started the medical transition (hormones or puberty blockers) in the past four years. Nearly half (46.4%) identified as trans women, 43.4% identified as trans men, and 10.2% indicated they were nonbinary or gender expansive. Participants' sex assigned at birth was 50.9% female and 46.1% male. Most patients (n = 149; 92%) reported currently receiving hormone treatment within the Nebraska Medicine healthcare system. Results indicated the highest level of clinical services interest was primary care (38.4%), gender-affirming surgery (73.5%), voice therapy (49.0%), and hair removal (37.5%). In addition, participants were very likely to participate in support groups with "people of similar gender identity" (32.9%), with "others around my age" (28.6%), and "including a mix of ages and identities" (26.9%). Discussion This study suggests that our TGD patients would utilize integrated services to access a variety of clinical and non-clinical services. Ongoing community engagement and direct feedback from patients are critical to the success and growth of our gender-affirming care clinic. The results of this study will inform the planning and further evolution of a program designed to build trust and address health inequities for TGD individuals throughout the region.
INTRODUCTION The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is controlled by timely detection of infected patients using a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab test, followed by isolation and treatment. One ...challenge encountered with NP swab collection was to train healthcare providers (HCPs) with different training backgrounds and experience for collecting NP swab specimens across Nebraska, including a sizeable rural area. In-person training for NP swab collection skills was challenging due to social distancing. We developed a Just-In-Time-Online Training (JITOT) and delivered it using Facebook Live (TM) to meet our HCPs' training needs.METHODS Online training was held on April 21, 2020, and attended by 453 HCPs. A quasi-experimental study based on a survey and a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ) was conducted to evaluate its effectiveness in improving the participants' knowledge and attitudes.RESULTS Group mean knowledge score increased from a pre-test score of 57%-95% in the post-test showing a large effect size (Hedges' g = 0.976877). On a five-point Likert scale, the majority (86.21%) of the survey respondents agreed/strongly agreed that this training increased their overall comfort for nasal swab specimen collection as compared to their pre-training comfort (37.93%) with this procedure. The majority of respondents (96.55%) in the post-training evaluation agreed/strongly agreed that "the delivery method was appropriate."CONCLUSION A JITOT session is helpful to teach, demonstrate, clarify doubts, and improve the knowledge and comfort of the participants. It can be quickly delivered using a free social media platform for broader outreach during public health emergencies.
The population of older adults continues to increase as the Baby Boomers age. Although a large number of individuals are now considered "old," common perceptions of this group have remained negative. ...A lack of accurate information regarding the physical and emotional changes is associated with shared social stereotypes that may be detrimental to older people. These social stereotypes are embedded in culture and influence individuals and group interaction. Researchers interested in measuring this phenomenon have used a number of instruments; however, one psychometrically-sound method has not emerged as the industry standard. In addition to a lack of attention paid to validity and reliability, researchers have ignored the importance of the strength of stereotypes related to aging. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of two scales measuring individual perceptions of older adults, assess differences between two scales, and develop a factor structure based on 117 descriptors associated with older adults. The results of an Exploratory Factor Analysis for the 5-point and 11-point scale instruments produced slightly different factor structures with three latent constructs: Positive Stereotypes, Negative Stereotypes, and Physical Stereotypes. The data sets from each scale were assessed to determine if they could be combined to conduct further statistical analysis. A t-test revealed significant mean differences for only 11 of the 117 measured variables between the two scales. The data from the 11-point scale was collapsed to a 5-point scale and data sets were then combined to construct a 3-factor model with stable psychometric properties. Analysis was also completed regarding the strength of stereotypes. Mean scores were low for negative terms and high for positive terms, indicating the participants in this study associate negative stereotypes with only a small number of older adults and perceive the majority of this group in a positive light.
Infection with Zika virus is an emerging public health crisis. We observed prolonged detection of virus RNA in vaginal mucosal swab specimens and whole blood for a US traveler with acute Zika virus ...infection who had visited Honduras. These findings advance understanding of Zika virus infection and provide data for additional testing strategies.
PDF
