Individuals with autism often violate social rules and have lower accuracy in identifying and explaining inappropriate social behavior. Twelve children with autism (AD) and thirteen children with ...typical development (TD) participated in this fMRI study of the neurofunctional basis of social judgment. Participants indicated in which of two pictures a boy was being bad (Social condition) or which of two pictures was outdoors (Physical condition). In the within-group Social-Physical comparison, TD children used components of mentalizing and language networks bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), whereas AD children used a network that was primarily right IFG and bilateral pSTS, suggesting reduced use of social and language networks during this social judgment task. A direct group comparison on the Social-Physical contrast showed that the TD group had greater mPFC, bilateral IFG, and left superior temporal pole activity than the AD group. No regions were more active in the AD group than in the group with TD in this comparison. Both groups successfully performed the task, which required minimal language. The groups also performed similarly on eyetracking measures, indicating that the activation results probably reflect the use of a more basic strategy by the autism group rather than performance disparities. Even though language was unnecessary, the children with TD recruited language areas during the social task, suggesting automatic encoding of their knowledge into language; however, this was not the case for the children with autism. These findings support behavioral research indicating that, whereas children with autism may recognize socially inappropriate behavior, they have difficulty using spoken language to explain why it is inappropriate. The fMRI results indicate that AD children may not automatically use language to encode their social understanding, making expression and generalization of this knowledge more difficult.
Cellulose nitrate transparent plastic film was used by photographers and movie filmmakers from its release in the 1880s to the 1950s. The storage of this material is a challenge for cultural ...institutions because of its instability and hazardous nature, as nitrate is highly flammable and deteriorates over time. Historically, cellulose acetate gradually began to replace cellulose nitrate as it is not flammable. Despite its non-flammable properties, leading to cellulose acetate being called ‘safety’ film, over time it became clear that it also deteriorates in hazardous ways. Identification of cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate in collections is necessary for preservation and risk management to collections and humans. Both cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate are found in gallery, library, archive and museum photographic collections. As a result, identification and management of this material might be the responsibility of curators, librarians, archivists, collection managers, registrars or conservators, depending on the institution staffing and structure. Currently, there is no single identification method readily available to heritage institutions that meets the requirements to identify and distinguish between cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate reliably, non-destructively and rapidly. In this study samples from both the Sydney University Museums and Australian National Maritime Museum collections have been analysed using infrared total reflectance spectroscopy, a novel approach which demonstrates great potential for rapid and non-invasive identification particularly when combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for non-subjective data mining and the development of a model which is hoped to be used in the future for predicting sample identification. After calculation of the PCA model, the novel application of the Parsimax orthogonal rotation method potentially provides a means of determining the level of chemical deterioration in the cellulose nitrate film.
Early life stress can disrupt development and negatively impact long-term health trajectories. Reconstructing histories of early life exposure to external stressors is hampered by the absence of ...retrospective time-specific biomarkers. Defects in tooth enamel have been used to reconstruct stress but the methods used are subjective and do not identify the specific biological systems impacted by external stressors. Here we show that external physical and social stressors impart biochemical signatures in primate teeth that can be retrieved to objectively reconstruct the timing of early life developmental disruptions. Using teeth from captive macaques, we uncovered elemental imprints specific to disruptions of skeletal growth, including major disruptions in body weight trajectory and moderate to severe illnesses. Discrete increases in heat shock protein-70 expression in dentine coincided with elemental signatures, confirming that elemental signals were associated with activation of stress-related pathways. To overcome limitations of conventional light-microscopic analysis, we used high resolution Raman microspectral imaging to identify structural and compositional alterations in enamel and dentine that coincided with elemental signatures and with detailed medical and behavioural data. Integrating these objective biochemical markers with temporal mapping of teeth enables the retrospective study of early life developmental disruptions and their ensuing health sequelae.
In many hospitals, family members are separated from their children during the early phases of trauma care. Including family members during this phase of trauma care varies by institution and is ...limited by concerns for adverse effects on clinical care.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of family presence (FP) on advanced trauma life support primary and secondary survey task performance by pediatric trauma teams. We hypothesized that trauma care with FP would be noninferior to care when families were absent.
We performed a retrospective video review of consecutive pediatric trauma evaluations. Family presence status was determined by availability of the family.
The study was conducted at an American College of Surgeons-designated level I pediatric trauma center that serves the Washington, DC, metropolitan area.
Participants included patients younger than 16 years of age who met trauma activation criteria and were evaluated by the trauma team in our emergency department.
We compared task performance between patients with and without FP.
Video recordings of 135 trauma evaluations were reviewed. Family was present for 88 (65%) evaluations. Patients with FP were younger (mean age, 6.4 years SD = 4.1 vs 9.0 years SD = 4.9; P < 0.001) and more likely to have sustained blunt injuries (95% vs 85%, P = 0.03). Noninferiority of frequency and timeliness of completion of all primary survey tasks were confirmed for evaluations with FP. Noninferiority of frequencies of secondary survey task completion was confirmed for most tasks except for examination of the neck, pelvis, and upper extremities. Family members did not directly interfere with patient care in any case.
Performance of most advanced trauma life support tasks during pediatric trauma evaluation was not worsened by FP. Our data provide additional evidence supporting FP during the acute management of injured children.
Objectives
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) has been shown to improve outcomes related to trauma resuscitation; however, omissions from this protocol persist. The objective of this study was to ...evaluate the effect of a trauma resuscitation checklist on performance of ATLS tasks.
Methods
Video recordings of resuscitations of children sustaining blunt or penetrating injuries at a Level I pediatric trauma center were reviewed for completion and timeliness of ATLS primary and secondary survey tasks, with and without checklist use. Patient and resuscitation characteristics were obtained from the trauma registry. Data were collected during two 4‐month periods before (n = 222) and after (n = 213) checklist implementation. The checklist contained 50 items and included four sections: prearrival, primary survey, secondary survey, and departure plan.
Results
Five primary survey ATLS tasks (cervical spine immobilization, oxygen administration, palpating pulses, assessing neurologic status, and exposing the patient) and nine secondary survey ATLS tasks were performed more frequently (p ≤ 0.01 for all) and vital sign measurements were obtained faster (p ≤ 0.01 for all) after the checklist was implemented. When controlling for patient and event‐specific characteristics, primary and secondary survey tasks overall were more likely to be completed (odds ratio OR = 2.66, primary survey; OR = 2.47, secondary survey; p < 0.001 for both) and primary survey tasks were performed faster (p < 0.001) after the checklist was implemented.
Conclusions
Implementation of a trauma checklist was associated with greater ATLS task performance and with increased frequency and speed of primary and secondary survey task completion.
Resumen
Objetivos
El soporte vital avanzado en traumatología (Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)) ha mostrado mejorar los resultados relacionados con la resucitación en los traumatismos; sin embargo, persisten las omisiones de este protocolo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de una lista de comprobación de la resucitación en traumatología en el rendimiento de las tareas del ATLS.
Metodología
Se revisaron las grabaciones de vídeo de las resucitaciones de los niños que tenían una lesión cerrada o penetrante en un centro traumatológico pediátrico de nivel I para el cumplimiento y los tiempos de las tareas de revisión primarias y secundarias del ATLS con y sin el uso de una lista de comprobación. Las características del paciente y la resucitación se obtuvieron del registro de traumatismos. Los datos se recogieron durante dos periodos de 4 meses antes (n = 222) y después (n = 213) de la implementación de la lista de comprobación. La lista de comprobación contenía 50 preguntas e incluyó 4 apartados: antes de la llegada, revisión primaria, revisión secundaria y plan de salida.
Resultados
Cinco tareas de la revisión primaria del ATLS (inmovilización de la columna cervical, administración de oxígeno, palpación de los pulsos, valoración de la situación neurológica y exposición del paciente) y nueve de las áreas de revisión secundaria del ATLS se realizaron con mayor frecuencia (p≤0,01 para todas las comparaciones) y la medición de las constantes vitales se obtuvo más rápidamente (p≤0.01 para todas las comparaciones) tras implementar la lista de comprobación. Cuando se ajustó por las características específicas del evento y del paciente, todas las tareas de revisión primaria y secundaria tuvieron mayor probabilidad de ser completadas (OR=2,66: revisión primaria, OR=2,47: revisión secundaria; p<0,001 para ambas) y las tareas de la revisión primaria se realizaron más rápidamente (p<0,001) tras la implementación de la lista de comprobación.
Conclusiones
La implementación de una lista de comprobación se asoció con un mayor rendimiento de la tarea del ATLS, de manera que mejoraron la frecuencia y la velocidad al completar la tarea de revisión primaria y secundaria.
Lipids are important cellular components which can be significantly altered in a range of disease states including prostate cancer. Here, a unique systematic approach has been used to define lipid ...profiles of prostate cancer cell lines, using quantitative mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescent microscopy. All three approaches identified significant difference in the lipid profiles of the three prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP and 22RV1) and one non-malignant cell line (PNT1a). Specific lipid classes and species, such as phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine 18:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:1) and cholesteryl esters, detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS, allowed statistical separation of all four prostate cell lines. Lipid mapping by FTIR revealed that variations in these lipid classes could also be detected at a single cell level, however further investigation into this approach would be needed to generate large enough data sets for quantitation. Visualisation by fluorescence microscopy showed striking variations that could be observed in lipid staining patterns between cell lines allowing visual separation of cell lines. In particular, polar lipid staining by a fluorescent marker was observed to increase significantly in prostate cancer lines cells, when compared to PNT1a cells, which was consistent with lipid quantitation by LC-ESI-MS/MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Thus, multiple technologies can be employed to either quantify or visualise changes in lipid composition, and moreover specific lipid profiles could be used to detect and phenotype prostate cancer cells.
Epidemiological studies of 1,3-butadiene (BD) exposures have reported a possible association with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), which is defined by the presence of the t(9;22) translocation ...(Philadelphia chromosome) creating an oncogenic BCR-ABL fusion gene. Butadiene diepoxide (DEB), the most mutagenic of three epoxides resulting from BD, forms DNA-DNA crosslink adducts that can lead to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Thus, a study was designed to determine if (±)-DEB exposure of HL60 cells, a promyelocytic leukemia cell line lacking the Philadelphia chromosome, can produce t(9;22) translocations. In HL60 cells exposed for 3 h to 0–10 μM DEB, overlapping dose-response curves suggested a direct relationship between 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol crosslink adduct formation (R = 0.977, P = 0.03) and cytotoxicity (R = 0.961, P = 0.002). Experiments to define the relationships between cytotoxicity and the induction of micronuclei (MN), a dosimeter of DNA DSBs, showed that 24 h exposures of HL60 cells to 0–5.0 μM DEB caused significant positive correlations between the concentration and (i) the degree of cytotoxicity (R = 0.998, p = 0.002) and (ii) the frequency of MN (R = 0.984, p = 0.016) at 48 h post exposure. To determine the relative induction of MN and t(9;22) translocations following exposures to DEB, or x-rays as a positive control for formation of t(9;22) translocations, HL60 cells were exposed for 24 h to 0, 1, 2.5, or 5 μM DEB or to 0, 2.0, 3.5, or 5.0 Gy x-rays, or treatments demonstrated to yield 0, 20%, 50%, or 80% cytotoxicity. Treatments between 0 and 3.5 Gy x-rays caused significant dose-related increases in both MN (p < 0.001) and t(9;22) translocations (p = 0.01), whereas DEB exposures causing similar cytotoxicity levels did not increase translocations over background. These data indicate that, while DEB induces DNA DSBs required for formation of MN and translocations, acute DEB exposures of HL60 cells did not produce the Philadelphia chromosome obligatory for CML.
•Butadiene diepoxide induced DNA-DNA crosslink adducts in human HL60 leukemia cells.•DNA double-strand breaks rising from these adducts triggered micronucleus formation.•Double-strand breaks from the same exposures did not produce t(9;22) translocations.•Positive control x-ray exposures caused both micronuclei and t(9;22) translocations.
More people are listening to more recorded music than any other time in history. While record labels have largely rebounded from the lean 'Napster years' of the early 2000s, remuneration for artists ...remain low. This article moves beyond an investigation of label-artist contracts - largely blamed for low recording royalties - and considers the broader array of consequences brought by the institutional structure of the streaming economy. Three factors explain dynamics within the music economy: music as a non-rival, non-excludable good; digital service providers (DSPs) as interchangeable market substitutes; and the concentration of Major Label market power due to their discretion to grant or withhold catalog access to DSPs. The ultimate consequence of this market structure is to depress prices in the music economy; value that can be captured largely rests with rights holders. With the DSPs as nearly perfect substitutes, the music industry is constrained in its ability to increase its revenues. Due to market power asymmetries, the burden of this contracted market size is borne by musicians, and to a lesser extent, by DSPs. To illustrate the problematic dynamics of the music streaming economy, music is compared to another non-rival, non-excludable good with a divergent market structure and outcomes: video streaming.
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