The use of agroindustrial byproducts in cattle diets, such as castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.) meal, is a more sustainable practice because it does not compete with human food and reduces the volume ...of organic waste deposited in the environment. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of replacing soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.) meal with castor-bean meal on the intake, digestibility, feeding behavior and performance of crossbred steers supplemented while on Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster 'Marandu' pasture. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete design with 40 animals, which started the experiment weighing 227.1 kg, at 10 mo of age, and were divided into four treatment groups. Castor-bean meal was added to replace soybean meal at the levels of 0, 90, 180, and 280 g kg.sup.1 in the supplement, which was supplied at the rate of 0.4% of body weight. Total DM, pasture DM and neutral detergent fiber intakes did not change (P > 0.05) with the castor-bean levels added to the supplement. Ether extract intake and digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.05). The animals showed no differences (P > 0.05) in production performance (average daily gain), which averaged 0.65 kg d.sup.1 Grazing, idle, and rumination times were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the treatments. Castor-bean meal can be included up to 280 g kg.sup.1 in the total diet without changing the performance of crossbred steers finished on tropical pasture. Key words: Beef cattle, biodiesel by-product, steers performance, Ricinus communis, Urochloa brizantha.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrate supplementation levels on the intake, nutrient digestibility, and performance of crossbred steers during the dry period of ...the year. The experiment was developed on Princesa do Mateiro farm, in the municipality of Ribeirão do Largo, located in the southwest region of Bahia State, Brazil. Forty uncastrated male crossbred (½ Holstein-Zebu) steers with an average body weight (BW) of 232.55 ± 24.97 kg were distributed into four treatments in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The animals were managed in an experimental area formed by
Brachiaria brizantha
cv
.
Marandu, in an intermittent grazing system. Treatments consisted of the following supplementation levels: 0.2% BW, with 60% crude protein (CP); 0.3% BW, with 40% CP; 0.4% BW, with 30% CP; and 0.5% BW, with 24% CP. The intakes of forage dry matter in kg/day and %BW and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) in %BW decreased linearly, whereas the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ash and protein in kg/day and average daily gain increased linearly. Therefore, the use of supplementation at 0.5% BW (24% crude protein) to provide gains of up to 0.500 kg/day is recommended for grazing steers during the post-weaning period in the dry season of the year.
The fruits of Tamarindus indica L. are consumed worldwide, with various parts of the plant being used for medicinal purposes. The residues (pericarp and seeds) generated during cellulose processing ...are of significant value as they contain bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction as possible substitutes for synthetic compounds with biological properties using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) analysis and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ABTS, and 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract and tamarind seed fractions were also performed. The chemical investigation of the acetate fraction using UHPLC-HRMS/MS resulted in the putative identification of 14 compounds, including flavonoids, (+)-catechin/(-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C2, isoquercetin, quercetin, luteolin, rutin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, kaempferide, hydroxybenzoic acid, protocathecuic acid, and protocathecuic acid methyl and ethyl esters derivatives. The crude hydroalcoholic extract exhibited the best results in terms of TPC: 883.87 gallic acid equivalent (GAE; mg/g) and antioxidant activity: FRAP: 183.29 GAE (mg/g), ABTS: 39.67%, and DPPH: 91.08%. The extract exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC; 62.5/125 g/mL) and Bacillus cereus MIC/MBC (125/250 g/mL), and gram-negative bacteria, specifically Aeromonas hydrophila MIC/MBC (125/250 µg/mL) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MIC/MBC (250/500 g/mL). Morphological damage to cells was observed using flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. Tamarind seeds contain unique bioactive compounds that should be explored for their use as novel food preservatives. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Original data were obtained regarding the Tamarindus indica L. seed extract and the ethyl acetate and hexane fractions. This research aimed to investigate the potential of these for food preservation and as alternatives to additives and synthetic compounds added to cattle feed. This paper reports novel findings regarding the chemical composition of the extract and its antioxidant activity, along with its antimicrobial activity against bacteria (gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and gram-negative: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas hydrophila) and yeasts (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Palm kernel cake is a viable alternative for use in cattle feed to reduce production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrations in diet dry matter (DM) of palm kernel ...cake on intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle finished in a feedlot system. Forty non-castrated crossbred cattle, with an average age of 24 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.12 ± 36.20 kg, were distributed among four treatments (control 0%, without heart of palm kernel cake in the diet; 8%, 16%, and 24% of palm kernel cake in diet DM). Variance and regression analysis were performed in function of the palm kernel cake concentrations in diet DM (
P
< 0.05). The dry matter intake decreased linearly (
P
< 0.05) as the concentrations in diet DM of palm kernel cake in the diet increased. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the animals’ diet decreased (
P
< 0.05) on dry matter digestibility. No effects (
P
> 0.05) of palm kernel cake on average daily gain or feed conversion were observed. The palm kernel cake can be included in the diet of crossbred bulls finished in confinement at concentrations in diet DM of up to 24%, as it has not influenced performance.
•Effects of natural blend on oxidative state and liver health in bulls;•32 bulls were divided in treatments: CONT, MIX2, MIX4, MIX6, g/anim/d natural mix;•Inclusion of blend improve oxidative status ...of bulls that have been finished in feedlot;•Natural blend was providing a better health on liver and improve bulls’ conditions.•Animals supplied with MIX2 and MIX4 g/animal/day, presented better results.
This study was realized to evaluate the effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia and Tamarindus indica L extracts, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and clove oil blends on oxidative state of bulls finished in feedlot and fed with high-grain diets. A total of 32 young bulls were divided into four treatments: CONT, without natural extract; MIX2, inclusion of 2 g/anim./d of natural mix; MIX4, inclusion of 4 g/anim./d of natural mix; MIX6, inclusion of 6 g/anim./d of natural mix. The blood samples were collected of the all animals. The levels of protein carbonyl groups were 30% lower (P < 0.05) in plasma of bulls supplemented with of MIX4 and MIX6 as compared to CONT group. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), an antioxidant marker, was 20% higher (P < 0.05) in the plasma of MIX6-fed animals when compared to CONT group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were 38% lower (P < 0.05) in the liver of bulls supplemented with MIX6 diet. The results show that the inclusion of the mixture of Baccharis, tamarind, CNSL and clove oil improves the oxidative status of bulls finished feedlot, particularly in animals supplied with 6 g/anim./d.
Due to consumers' increasingly negative perceptions of synthetic preservatives, interest and research on plants and their natural compounds have increased as a particularly attractive starting point ...for use in food preservation, new medicines, and replace additives and synthetic compounds added in cattle feed. In the present study were evaluated chemical profile, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Baccharis dracunculifolia extract against bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). Twelve compounds were quantified by UHPLC-HRMS, Germacrene B, Naringenin, Kaempferol, Artepillin C, α-Pinene, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Apigenin, Kaempferide, Limonene, Phenylethanol and β-caryophyllene were confirmed. The extract showed no toxicity at the concentrations evaluated, presented better antimicrobial action, against Gram-positive bacteria, for both bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis the values in MIC/MBC (125 and 250 μg/mL) and Bacillus cereus MIC/MBC (250 and 500 μg/mL), when evaluated the concentration of 4x MIC, we got achieved significant reductions between 5.00 the 5.58 log CFU/mL. This is the first report investigating the potential of the extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia, collected in the city of Maringá, Paraná. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of this extract providing evidence for further studies and increased application by industries.
•Extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia presented satisfactory antimicrobial activity.•The concentrations of the extract did not present cytotoxicity, application safe.•The bacteria Gram-positives presented greater sensitivity to the Baccharis extract.•Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was the most resistant to Baccharis extract.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations existing between nutrient intake and ingestive behavior of crossbred steers in the post-weaning phase on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, ...during the rainy period. Twenty-two steers were distributed into a completely randomized design, with two types of supplement and eleven replications, managed under rotational grazing, in a 6.5 ha area. Pearson's Linear Correlation analysis was performed between the behavior variables and the performance variables values. The correlation coefficients were tested by the t test. The average daily gain (ADG) showed positive correlation with the times spent ruminating and eating at the trough and total chewing time. Positive correlation was observed between the idle time and feed conversion (FC). The bite rate and the number of bites per day presented positive correlations with ADG. Positive correlations were found between the variables rumination efficiency of dry matter (DM) and of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with ADG. The ingestive behavior has a direct influence on the productive performance of crossbred steers post-weaned on pasture during the rainy period. Rumination efficiency improved when the animals were fed protein supplementation, which led to better utilization the ingested feed.
This study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation. Thirty-two crossbred steers in the ...finishing phase with average weight of 420 ± 8 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates per treatment. Their behavior was assessed every 5 min for 24 h, in the middle of the experimental period. Variance and regression analyses at 0.05 % probability were adopted. The times spent grazing and ruminating reduced linearly (P <0.05), whereas the times spent at the trough (eating) and on other activities increased linearly (P <0.05) as the supplementation levels were elevated. The total feeding and chewing times decreased linearly (P <0.05) as the concentrate levels in the diet were elevated. By increasing the supplementation levels, the number of bites per day decreased linearly (P <0.05), and the feed efficiency of dry matter increased quadratically. Rumination efficiency of dry matter increased linearly (P <0.05) with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation. Grazing and rumination activities are reduced when the time devoted to other activities and at the trough are increased, as a result of the substitution effect.
Supplementation strategies have been studied to increase animal performance and the quality of meat. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of different supplementation strategies ...on the performance, feed intake, digestibility and ingestive behaviour of crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha pasture, during the dry season. The experiment was performed in Bahia, Brazil, from August 2015 to January 2016, with a dry season of 203 days. Thirty-three crossbred steers with an average weight of 269.5 + or - 41.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with three treatments and 11 replicates per treatment. The results were analysed using an ANOVA and a Tukey test, with a 5% probability of error. The treatments were mineral salt with urea and the supplementation of protein based on the animals' body weight (BW), as follows: 0.1 and 0.2% BW. There was no effect of supplementation strategy on the initial and final body weights. Supplementation strategies did not influence (p > 0.05) the variables related to the intake of total dry matter. There was an effect (p < 0.05) on the dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients. For ingestive behaviour, feed intake, grazing time and idle time tended to be altered by the supply strategies (p < 0.05), but rumination was not affected (p > 0.05) by the evaluated strategies. In conclusion, the supplementation strategies used during the dry season resulted in a similar performance; therefore, the adopted strategy can be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production system. Thus, the strategy adopted could be chosen according to the economic and regional conditions of the production. Keywords: crossbred steers; mineral mix; protein supplementation; tropical forage.
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