16N as a calibration source for Super-Kamiokande Blaufuss, E; Guillian, G; Fukuda, S ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2001, Letnik:
458, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The decay of
16N is used to cross check the absolute energy scale calibration for solar neutrinos established by the electron linear accelerator (LINAC). A deuterium–tritium neutron generator was ...employed to create
16N via the (n,p) reaction on
16O in the water of the detector. This technique is isotropic and has different systematic uncertainties than the LINAC. The results from this high-statistics data sample agree with the absolute energy scale of the LINAC to better than 1%. A natural source of
16N from the capture of μ
− on
16O, which is collected as a background to the solar neutrino analysis, is also discussed.
Test of the flavour independence of αs Lees, J.-P.; Pietrzyk, B.; Ariztizabal, F. ...
Physics letters. B,
07/1995, Letnik:
355, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Using about 950000 hadronic events collected during 1991 and 1992 with the ALEPH detector, the ratios
r
b =
α
s
b
α
s
udsc
and
r
uds =
α
s
uds
α
s
cb
have been measured in order to test the flavour ...independence of the strong coupling constant
α
s
. The analysis is based on event-shape variables using the full hadronic sample, two
b-quark samples enriched by lepton tagging and lifetime tagging, and a light-quark sample enriched by lifetime antitagging. The combined results are
r
b
= 1.002±0.023 and
r
uds
= 0.971 ± 0.023.
In a data sample of four million hadronic
Z decays collected with the ALEPH detector at LEP, four
Λ
b
baryon candidates are exclusively reconstructed in the
Λ
b
→
Λ
c
+
π
− channel, with the
Λ
c
+ ...decaying into
pK
−
π
+,
p
K
0
, or
Λπ
+
π
+
π
−. The probability of the observed signal to be due to a background fluctuation is estimated to be 4.2 × 10
−4. The mass of the
Λ
b
is measured to be 5614±21 (stat.) ± 4 (syst.) MeV/
c
2.
Do defendants who plead guilty receive lighter sentences than those with similar charges and attributes who exercise their right to trial? The assertion that they do has long been at the heart of the ...literature describing and explaining the plea-bargaining process, though it has been questioned in some important work published recently. The existence of sentence differentials is particularly hard to document statistically, because a successfully operating policy of punishing those who go to trial will in fact minimize the number of cases in which the sanction for trial has to be imposed. Examination of data from three California counties, as well as consideration of various theoretical concerns, leads us to argue that sentence differentials are likely to characterize jurisdictions whose disposition patterns are based on inducing most defendants to plead guilty.
Do defendants who plead guilty receive lighter sentences than those with similar charges and attributes who exercise their right to trial? The assertion that they do has long been at the heart of the ...literature describing and explaining the plea-bargaining process, though it has been questioned in some important work published recently. The existence of sentence differentials is particularly hard to document statistically, because a successfully operating policy of punishing those who go to trial will in fact minimize the number of cases in which the sanction for trial has to be imposed. Examination of data from three California counties, as well as consideration of various theoretical concerns, leads us to argue that sentence differentials are likely to characterize jurisdictions whose disposition patterns are based on inducing most defendants to plead guilty.
Background Over 90% of antibiotics for human use in Europe are prescribed in primary care. We assessed the congruence between primary care treatment guidelines for skin infections and commensal ...Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) antimicrobial resistance levels in community-dwelling persons. Methods The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus was analysed by taking nose swabs from healthy primary care patients in nine European countries (total N = 32,032). Primary care treatment guidelines for bacterial skin infections were interpreted with respect to these antimicrobial resistance patterns. First- and second-choice recommendations were assessed and considered congruent if resistance to the antibiotic did not exceed 20%. Results We included primary care treatment guidelines for impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis and furuncle. Treatment recommendations in all countries were consistent: most of the first-choice recommendations were beta-lactams, both for children and adults. Antimicrobial resistance levels were low, except for penicillin (on average 73% resistance). Considerable variation in antimicrobial resistance levels was found between countries, with Sweden displaying the lowest levels and Spain the highest. In some countries resistance to penicillin and azithromycin was significantly higher in children (4-17 years) compared with adults. Conclusions Most of the first- and second-choice recommendations in the treatment guidelines for skin infections were congruent with commensal S. aureus antimicrobial resistance patterns in the community, except for two recommendations for penicillin. Given the variation in antimicrobial resistance levels between countries, age groups and health care settings, national data regarding antimicrobial resistance in the community should be taken into account when updating or developing primary care treatment guidelines. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Treatment guidelines, Primary care, Skin infections
Holstein cows (n = 33) were assigned to one of three diets containing soybean meal, supplemental fat from extruded soybeans, or supplemental fat from Ca soaps of fatty acids. Total mixed diets ...containing (DM basis) 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% of the respective concentrate mixtures were fed wk 4 through 15 postpartum. Milk production (29.2, 32.4, and 31.8 kg/d) was higher for cows fed supplemental fat diets. Milk protein percentages (2.99, 2.93, and 2.81) were higher for cows fed the soybean meal diet and were higher with extruded soybeans than with Ca soaps of fatty acids. Milk fat percentages (3.20, 2.69, and 3.47) were higher for cows fed Ca soaps of fatty acids than for cows fed extruded soybeans. Milk fat from cows fed supplemental fat was more unsaturated than from those fed soybean meal and was most unsaturated from cows fed extruded soybeans. Dry matter intakes (17.8, 18.4, and 16.6 kg/d) were not significantly different among diets. Extruded soybeans and Ca soaps of fatty acids were equally effective in increasing milk production, but milk fat content was reduced, and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat was increased, with extruded soybeans.
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