The behavior of bees is modulated by the presence of other bees and potentially by the visual information transmitted by the different body positions of bees while visiting flowers. We tested whether ...bee body position promoted the attraction and/or antagonistic behavior of con- and hetero-specific bees that interacted on prickly pear flowers of Opuntia huajuapensis. To test this, we placed dummy model bees of Apis mellifera and the native Lithurgus littoralis in flowers in three common body positions: alert, feeding, and horizontal. The results showed that dummy model bees in feeding and horizontal body positions attracted A. mellifera bees, while the alert position attracted native male L. littoralis. Male L. littoralis bees spent more time attacking model bees in horizontal and alert positions. The position of dummy bees also influenced response times. Bees of A. mellifera responded fastest to L. littoralis in the alert and horizontal position, male L. littoralis responded fastest to con-specific bees in the alert and feeding position, and female L. littoralis responded fastest to A. mellifera bees in the feeding position. A. mellifera reacted fastest to their con-specific bees in the alert and horizontal body positions. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in bees, that the position of individuals on a floral resource provides important visual information that modulates bee behavior, and illuminates aspects that likely have implications for bees in access to floral resources.
Los mecanismos neuronales que subyacen a los estimulos emocionales sobre el control cognitivo aun no son concretos en el paradigma de la prueba Stroop emocional que evalua el conflicto ...cognitivo-emocional. Esta revision en idioma espanol de articulos especializados sobre Stroop abarca desde los anos 70's a la actualidad para: 1) analizar los enfoques desde los cuales ha sido aplicado, 2) las tecnicas de imagenologia utilizadas para monitorear las estructuras cerebrales implicadas en el procesamiento de la prueba y 3) sugerir un posible circuito con las estructuras mas importantes durante el procesamiento. Con la busqueda sistematica en PubMed (1970-2017) con las palabras "emotional Stroop" se obtuvo un total de 104 estudios. Se hace enfasis en la retroalimentacion del procesamiento cognitivo- emocional sinergico donde participan estructuras como la corteza prefrontal (dorsolateral y ventromedial), la corteza del cingulo, amigdala e insula. Sin embargo, es dependiente del enfoque clinico el cual varia el grado de interferencia de la prueba Stroop y es lo que delimita la base neurobiologica de la prueba. Palabras claves: Revision Stroop; Circuito neurobiologico; Neuroimagen; Cognicion; Emocion. The neuronal mechanisms that underlie emotional stimuli on cognitive control are not yet concrete in the paradigm of the emotional Stroop test that evaluates the cognitive-emotional conflict. This review in Spanish of specialized articles on Stroop covers from the 70's to the present to: 1) analyze the approaches from which it has been applied, 2) the imaging techniques used to monitor the brain structures involved in the processing of the test and 3) suggest a possible circuit with the most important structures during processing. With the systematic search in PubMed (1970- 2017) with the words "emotional Stroop" a total of 104 studies were obtained. Emphasis is placed on the feedback of the synergic cognitive-emotional processing where structures such as the prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral and ventromedial), the cingulate cortex, amygdala and insula participate. However, it is dependent on the clinical approach which varies the degree of interference of the Stroop test and is what delimits the neurobiological basis of the test. Key words: Stroop review; Neurobiological circuit; Neuroimaging; Cognition; Emotion. Os mecanismos neuronais subjacentes aos estimulos emocionais no controle cognitivo ainda nao sao concretos no paradigma do teste emocional de Stroop, que avalia o conflito cognitivo-emocional. Esta revisao em espanhol de artigos especializados sobre o Stroop abrange desde os anos 70 ate o presente: 1) analisa as abordagens pelas quais foi aplicada; 2) as tecnicas de imagem usadas para monitorar as estruturas cerebrais envolvidas no processamento do teste e 3) sugerem um possivel circuito com as estruturas mais importantes durante o processamento. Com a busca sistematica no PubMed (19702017) com as palavras "Stroop emocional", foram obtidos 104 estudos. A enfase e colocada no feedback do processamento cognitivo-emocional sinergico, no qual estao envolvidas estruturas como o cortex pre-frontal (dorsolateral e ventromedial), o cortex do cingulo, amigdala e insula. No entanto, depende da abordagem clinica que varia o grau de interferencia do teste Stroop e e o que define a base neurobiologica do teste. Palavras-chave: Revisao Stroop; Circuito neurobiologico; Neuroimagem; Cognicao; Emocao
Visual information transmitted by body position modulates the interaction and behavior of con- and hetero-specific bees during floral visits of the prickly pear Opuntia huajuapensis. Dummy model bees ...in the feeding or horizontal positions on flowers do not hinder Apis mellifera visitation. This exotic species reacted faster to the dummy models of native and conspecifics when in alert or horizontal positions. In contrast, native male Lithurgus littoralis spent more time displaying aggressive behaviors towards the dummy model in the alert or horizontal positions but showed a positive response of native female bees towards the dummy of the exotic A. mellifera when found in the feeding position. Experimental body position during floral visitation provides a visual cue that modifies bee behavior, which in turn determines access to floral resources. The behavior of bees is modulated by the presence of other bees and potentially by the visual information transmitted by the different body positions of bees while visiting flowers. We tested whether bee body position promoted the attraction and/or antagonistic behavior of con- and hetero-specific bees that interacted on prickly pear flowers of Opuntia huajuapensis. To test this, we placed dummy model bees of Apis mellifera and the native Lithurgus littoralis in flowers in three common body positions: alert, feeding, and horizontal. The results showed that dummy model bees in feeding and horizontal body positions attracted A. mellifera bees, while the alert position attracted native male L. littoralis. Male L. littoralis bees spent more time attacking model bees in horizontal and alert positions. The position of dummy bees also influenced response times. Bees of A. mellifera responded fastest to L. littoralis in the alert and horizontal position, male L. littoralis responded fastest to con-specific bees in the alert and feeding position, and female L. littoralis responded fastest to A. mellifera bees in the feeding position. A. mellifera reacted fastest to their con-specific bees in the alert and horizontal body positions. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in bees, that the position of individuals on a floral resource provides important visual information that modulates bee behavior, and illuminates aspects that likely have implications for bees in access to floral resources.
The neurobiological processing of eating behavior is transmitted to the cortical and subcortical nuclei where multisensory stimuli are integrated, such as olfactory ones, associated with emotion, ...learning and memory. With this review, the implications between emotional memory and olfactory stimuli, and neurobiological basis are analyzed and described. Also, the main cognitive processes involved in the preference for hypo and hypercaloric foods and their relationship with eating disorders such as obesity are indicated, a condition that converges with a negative effect during the COVID-19 disease. It requires the application of neuropsychological methods that include the measurement of the effect of multisensory stimuli to assess food preference. Since olfactory stimuli and emotional memory participate in food choices, promoting or not the development of eating disorders. Adapting the paradigms of neuropsychology such as the alimentary Stroop would underpin the generation of strategies for the prevention of the development of eating disorders such as obesity.
O processamento neurobiológico do comportamento alimentar se transmite aos núcleos corticais e subcorticais onde se
integram estímulos multissensoriais, como os olfativos, associados a emoção, aprendizagem e memória. Com esta revisão,
foram analisadas e descritas as implicações associadas entre a memória emocional e os estímulos olfativos, assim como suas
bases neurobiológicas. Além disso, foram indicados os principais processos cognitivos implicados na preferência de alimentos
hipo e hipercalóricos e sua relação com os transtornos alimentares como a obesidade, condição que tem uma convergência
negativa com a enfermidade COVID-19. Requer-se da aplicação dos métodos neuropsicológicos que estes incluam a medição
do efeito dos estímulos multissensoriais para avaliar a preferência alimentar. Posto que os estímulos olfativos e a memória
emocional participam na escolha dos alimentos, o que propicia ou não, o desenvolvimento de transtornos de
comportamento alimentar. Adaptar os paradigmas da neuropsicologia como o teste de Stroop apontaria a elaboração de
estratégias para a prevenção do desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares como a obesidade.
El procesamiento neurobiológico de la conducta alimentaria se transmite a los núcleos corticales y subcorticales donde se integran estímulos multisensoriales, como los olfativos, asociados a la emoción, aprendizaje y memoria. Con esta revisión, se analizan y describen las implicaciones asociadas entre la memoria emocional y los estímulos olfativos, así como sus bases neurobiológicas. Además, se indican los principales procesos cognitivos implicados en la preferencia de alimentos hipo e hipercalóricos y su relación con los trastornos alimentarios como la obesidad, condición que converge con efecto negativo durante la enfermedad COVID-19. Se requiere de la aplicación de métodos neuropsicológicos que incluyan la medición de efecto de los estímulos multisensoriales para evaluar la preferencia alimentaria. Puesto que los estímulos olfativos y la memoria emocional participan en la elección de alimentos, lo que propician o no, el desarrollo de trastornos en la conducta alimentaria. El adaptar los paradigmas de la neuropsicología como el Stroop alimentario apuntalaría la generación de estrategias para la prevención del desarrollo de trastornos alimentarios como la obesidad.
