•A method is presented for non-intrusively inferring a building Heat Loss Coefficient using smart meter data.•For the sample data from the UK Energy Demand Research Project, a median Heat Loss ...Coefficient of 0.14 kW/°C and uncertainty of 15% was estimated.•The method was demonstrated to be reliably scalable to large numbers of buildings, enabling rapid thermal performance evaluation at a regional or national scale.•The method was demonstrated to produce stable results across several years, indicating its robustness to climate variation and occupant effects.
Dwellings in the UK account for about 25% of global energy demand, of which 60% is space heating making this a key area for efficiency improvement. Dwelling UK Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) are currently based on surveyed data, rather than energy use monitoring. The installation of smart meters provides an opportunity to develop an EPC based on in situ dwelling thermal performance.
This paper presents ‘Deconstruct’ – a method of estimating the as-built Heat Power Loss Coefficient (HPLC) of occupied dwellings as a measure of thermal performance, using just smart-meter and meteorological data. Deconstruct is a steady-state grey box building model combined with a data processing pipeline and a model fitting method that limits the effects of confounding factors. Smart meter data from 780 UK dwellings from the UK Energy Demand Research Project (EDRP), was used to calculate a median HPLC of 0.28 kW/°C (±15%). The stability of the estimate across multiple years of data with different weather and energy use was demonstrated. Deconstruct was found to be suitable for large scale inference of dwelling thermal properties using the UK's new smart metering data infrastructure.
Network analysis finds natural applications in geospatial information systems for a range of applications, notably for thermal grids, which are important for decarbonising thermal energy supply. ...These analyses are required to operate over a large range of geographic scales. This is a challenge for existing approaches, which face computational scaling challenges with the large datasets now available, such as building and road network data for an entire country.
This work presents a system for geospatial modelling of thermal networks including their routing through the existing road network and calculation of flows through the network. This is in contrast to previous thermal network analysis work which could only work with simplified aggregated data.•We apply multi-level spatial clustering which enables parallelisation of work sets.•We develop algorithms and data processing pipelines for calculating network routing.•We use cluster-level caching to enable rapid evaluation of model variants.
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Heatwaves have become more frequent and intense due to anthropogenic global warming and have serious and potentially life-threatening impacts on human health, particularly for people over 65 years ...old. While a range of studies examine heatwave exposures, few cover the whole globe and very few cover key areas in Africa, South America, and East Asia. By using global gridded climate reanalysis, population, and demographic data, this work analyses trends in change in exposure of vulnerable populations to heatwaves, providing global and per-country aggregate statistics. The difference between the global mean of heatwave indexes and the mean weighted by vulnerable population found that these populations are experiencing up to five times the number of heatwave days relative to the global average. The total exposures, measured in person-days of heatwave, highlight the combined effect of increased heatwaves and aging populations. In China and India, heatwave exposure increased by an average of 508 million person-days per year in the last decade. Mapping of changes per country highlighted significant exposure increases, particularly in the Middle East and in South East Asia. Major disparities were found between the heatwave exposures, country income group, and country health system capacity, thus highlighting the significant inequalities in global warming impacts and response capacities with respect to health across countries. It is therefore of prime importance that health development and response are coordinated with climate change mitigation and adaptation work.
Empirical evidence suggests that the effects of anthropogenic climate change, and heat in particular, could have a significant impact on mental health. This article investigates the correlation ...between heatwaves and/or relative humidity and suicide (fatal intentional self-harm) on a global scale. The covariance between heat/humidity and suicide was modelled using a negative binomial Poisson regression with data from 60 countries between 1979-2016. Statistically significant increases and decreases in suicide were found, as well as many cases with no significant correlation. We found that relative humidity showed a more significant correlation with suicide compared to heatwaves and that both younger age groups and women seemed to be more significantly affected by changes in humidity and heatwave counts in comparison with the rest of the population. Further research is needed to provide a larger and more consistent basis for epidemiological studies; to understand better the connections among heat, humidity and mental health; and to explore in more detail which population groups are particularly impacted and why.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide observations of high spatio-temporal resolution to enable operational landslide monitoring. In this research, the construction of digital elevation models ...(DEMs) and orthomosaics from UAV imagery is achieved using structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetric procedures. The study examines the additional value that the morphological attribute of openness, amongst others, can provide to surface deformation analysis. Image-cross-correlation functions and DEM subtraction techniques are applied to the SfM outputs. Through the proposed integrated analysis, the automated quantification of a landslide's motion over time is demonstrated, with implications for the wider interpretation of landslide kinematics via UAV surveys.
Summary
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is increasingly being used to investigate unstable slopes and monitor the hydrogeological processes within. But movement of electrodes or incorrect ...placement of electrodes with respect to an assumed model can introduce significant resistivity artefacts into the reconstruction. In this work, we demonstrate a joint resistivity and electrode movement reconstruction algorithm within an iterative Gauss–Newton framework. We apply this to ERT monitoring data from an active slow-moving landslide in the UK. Results show fewer resistivity artefacts and suggest that electrode movement and resistivity can be reconstructed at the same time under certain conditions. A new 2.5-D formulation for the electrode position Jacobian is developed and is shown to give accurate numerical solutions when compared to the adjoint method on 3-D models. On large finite element meshes, the calculation time of the newly developed approach was also proven to be orders of magnitude faster than the 3-D adjoint method and addressed modelling errors in the 2-D perturbation and adjoint electrode position Jacobian.
There is currently an increased interest in extending the application of McKibben actuators beyond gaseous environments and working fluids. Extensive efforts have already established force response ...models for pneumatically driven McKibben actuators that are independent of working fluid material properties, however, the model’s independence to working fluid choice has yet to be validated with empirical evidence. This paper experimentally investigates the effect of working fluid type on the quasi-static pressure dependent force-contraction response of McKibben actuators. Using either air or water as the working fluid, characteristic isobaric force-contraction response curves are compared for both large and small-scale McKibben actuators. To ensure truly isobaric force-contraction characterizations, hydraulic and pneumatic pressure systems were developed to provide precise and accurate control of pressure. Experimental testing proved using air or water as the working fluid resulted in nearly identical isobaric force-contraction response curves, demonstrating that McKibben actuator’s quasi-static force response is independent of working fluid choice. This study establishes that the applicability of existing force response models for pneumatic McKibben actuators can be extended to any practical liquids or gases.
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