An increase of cholesterol concentration within the artery obstructs arterial blood flow once it deposits alongside the arterial wall. This results in atherosclerosis. Carcinogenesis causes a quicker ...clearance of vascular cholesterol to meet the demands of tumour cell development. Both illnesses have an increased concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. To search the comparative characteristics of cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis, a comprehensive online survey using MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar was conducted for relevant journals with key search term cholesterol and cytokines in atherosclerotic and cancerous patients. According to reports, hypercholesterolaemia related dyslipidemia causes atherosclerosis in blood arteries and hypercholesterolaemia in cell nucleus is a reason for developing carcinogenesis. It is also noted that pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in both of the aforementioned pathogenesis. Changes in anti-inflammatory cytokines are only the characteristic features of each kind. Thus, Cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines are intensely interlinked in the genesis of atherosclerotic and carcinogenic consequences.An increase of cholesterol concentration within the artery obstructs arterial blood flow once it deposits alongside the arterial wall. This results in atherosclerosis. Carcinogenesis causes a quicker clearance of vascular cholesterol to meet the demands of tumour cell development. Both illnesses have an increased concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. To search the comparative characteristics of cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis, a comprehensive online survey using MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar was conducted for relevant journals with key search term cholesterol and cytokines in atherosclerotic and cancerous patients. According to reports, hypercholesterolaemia related dyslipidemia causes atherosclerosis in blood arteries and hypercholesterolaemia in cell nucleus is a reason for developing carcinogenesis. It is also noted that pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in both of the aforementioned pathogenesis. Changes in anti-inflammatory cytokines are only the characteristic features of each kind. Thus, Cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines are intensely interlinked in the genesis of atherosclerotic and carcinogenic consequences.
Fractal interpolation function defined with the aid of iterated function system can be employed to show that any continuous real-valued function defined on a compact interval is a special case of a ...class of fractal functions (self-referential functions). Elements of the iterated function system can be selected appropriately so that the corresponding fractal function enjoys certain properties. In the first part of the paper, we associate a class of self-referential Lp-functions with a prescribed Lp-function. Further, we apply our construction of fractal functions in Lp-spaces in some approximation problems, for instance, to derive fractal versions of the full Müntz theorems in Lp-spaces. The second part of the paper is devoted to identify parameters so that the fractal functions affiliated to a given continuous function satisfy certain conditions, which in turn facilitate them to find applications in some one-sided uniform approximation problems.
•Fractal functions in Lp-spaces are investigated in detail.•Fractal versions of the full Müntz theorems in Lp-spaces are derived.•One-sided approximation with fractal functions is broached.•Overall, the article is a step forward in the theory of fractal approximation.
Named data networking (NDN) has emerged as a component of the Future Internet architecture to support scalable content distribution, mobility, security, and trust; as well as to provide access to ...information irrespective of its physical location. The NDN, and previously content-centric networking (CCN), has been considered as the enabler to address various Internet of Things (IoT) challenges, with the potential to outperform the current IP paradigm in many dimensions. The requirements and challenges of the IoT, imposed by constraints, such as limited memory and computational power, while requiring high energy efficiency in the face of unstable network connectivity, impose extra burdens on the IP paradigm. The named content, in-network caching and named-based routing approach in the CCN and NDN provide promising solutions to overcome these constraints and showcase alternative implementations. This paper aims to investigate and demonstrate the current incorporation of the NDN/CCN with the IoT in terms of in-network caching management, naming scheme for devices and data, access control and policies, forwarding strategies, device configuration, and discovery.
Fisheries management in Fiji's inshore fishery exists in a plural legal and governance system comprised on the one part by customary fishing rights, and on the other by centralized ownership. The ...ambiguity in this arrangement stems from a lack of understanding of the property rights of customary fishing rights. This paper aims to clarify what property rights in Fiji's inshore fisheries consists of by applying the bundle of rights property theory analysis using Schlager and Ostrom's five property rights, i.e., access, withdrawal, management, exclusion, and alienation. A clearer understanding of property rights in a fisheries resource is crucial for sustainable fisheries management.
•Property rights are a bundle of rights that consist of various sticks of rights.•Property rights include access, withdrawal, management, exclusion and alienation.•Property rights in customary fishing areas is often apportioned between parties.•Well defined property rights in a fishery leads to better fisheries management.
Cage-to-Cage Cascade Transformations Bandi, Sreenivasulu; Chand, Dillip Kumar
Chemistry : a European journal,
July 18, 2016, Letnik:
22, Številka:
30
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A series of Pd2L4‐type binuclear self‐assembled coordination cages (1–4), where L stands for a nonchelating bidentate ligand, were prepared. The strategies adopted for the synthesis of the cages ...were: combination of PdII with 1) a selected ligand or 2) subcomponents of the ligand. Highly efficient cage‐to‐cage transformation reactions are demonstrated by suitable covalent modification (from 1 to 2 or 3 or 4) or ligand‐exchange reactions (from 1 to 2 or 3 or 4; from 2 to 3 or 4). Thus, new cascade transformations (from 1 to 2 to 3; from 1 to 2 to 4) are achieved beautifully.
Let's cascade! Cage‐to‐cage transformation reactions of Pd2L4‐type (L is a nonchelating bidentate ligand) coordination cages are achieved by covalent modifications or ligand‐exchange reactions of suitable pre‐prepared complexes. The palladium atoms retain their positions or move away to increase the cavity size depending on the nature of the modification/exchange.
Climate change includes both the global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Though there have been previous periods of ...climatic change, since the mid-20th century, humans have had unprecedented impact on Earths climate system and caused change on a global scale.The largest driver of warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, of which more than 90% are carbon dioxide and methane. Fossil fuel burning (coal, oil, and gas) for energy consumption is the main source of these emissions, with additional contributions from agriculture, deforestation, and industrial processes. The human cause of climate change is not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing. Temperature rise is accelerated or tempered by climate feedbacks, such as loss of sunlight-reflecting snow and ice cover, increased water vapour (a greenhouse gas itself), and changes to land and ocean carbon sinks.Temperature rise on land is about twice the global average increase, leading to desert expansion and more common heat waves and wildfires. Increasing rates of evaporation cause more intense storms and weather extremes. Temperature rise is amplified in the Arctic, where it has contributed to melting permafrost and the retreat of glaciers and sea ice. Additional warming also increases the risk of triggering critical thresholds called tipping points. Impacts on ecosystems include the relocation or extinction of many species as their environment changes, most immediately in coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic. Human impacts include undernutrition and hunger from reduced crop yields, declining fish stocks, increases in vector-borne diseases, potentially severe economic impacts, increased global economic inequality, more people living in uninhabitable climate zones, and increased migration.Effects such as these have led the World Health Organization to declare climate change the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries, including rising sea levels, rising ocean temperatures, and ocean acidification.
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of death from neoplastic disease in men and third in women of all ages. Globally, life expectancy is increasing, and consequently, an ...increasing number of operations are being performed on more elderly patients with the trend set to continue.
Elderly patients are more likely to have cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities that are associated with increased peri-operative risk. They further tend to present with more locally advanced disease, more likely to obstruct or have disseminated disease.
The aim of this review was to investigate the feasibility of laparoscopic colorectal resection in very elderly patients, and whether there are benefits over open surgery for colorectal cancer.
Methods
A systematic literature search was performed on Medline, Pubmed, Embase and Google Scholar. All comparative studies evaluating patients undergoing laparoscopic versus open surgery for colorectal cancer in the patients population over 85 were included.
The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day overall morbidity. Secondary outcomes were operating time, time to oral diet, number of retrieved lymph nodes, blood loss and 5-year survival.
Results
The search provided 1507 citations. Sixty-nine articles were retrieved for full text analysis, and only six retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall mortality for elective laparoscopic resection was 2.92% and morbidity 23%. No single study showed a significant difference between laparoscopic and open surgery for morbidity or mortality, but pooled data analysis demonstrated reduced morbidity in the laparoscopic group (
p
= 0.032). Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery are more likely to have a shorter hospital stay and a shorter time to oral diet.
Conclusion
Elective laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer in the over 85 age group is feasible and safe and offers similar advantages over open surgery to those demonstrated in patients of younger ages.
Iron and vanadium co-doped ZnO nano-structures have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and the influence of Fe content on their structural, optical, dielectric and transport properties ...was investigated. The structural and optical characterizations of samples have been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, Raman, UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Rietveld refinement of XRD data revealed that the lattice parameters and unit cell volume of the wurtzite ZnO decreased with Fe doping. The decrease in crystallite size and increase in micro-strain with doping have been observed from Williamson–Hall and size-strain analysis. The red shift in the band gap (from 3.29 to 3.24 eV) and increase in the dc activation energy (from 0.196 to 0.207 eV) with increase in Fe concentration are attributed to the enhancement of structural disorder/defects. The decrement in dielectric constant from 160 to 25 and ac conductivity from 16.6 × 10−6 to 1.4 × 10−6 at 10 kHz have been observed with Fe doping. The modulus and impedance studies revealed the presence of non-Debye relaxation, and contribution of grains and grain boundaries to the polarization. The study also revealed that the addition of Fe significantly modified structural, optical, dielectric and transport properties of the samples.
•Fe doped ZnO:V systems prepared by solid state reaction method.•Decrease in lattice parameters of hexagonal ZnO with Fe doping confirms the substitution of Fe3+ ions.•Red shift in band gap with Fe doping attributed to structural disorder/defects.•Decrease in dielectric constant and conductivity with increase of Fe concentration.•Transport properties analyzed from modulus and impedance spectroscopy.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized as recurrent episodes of obstruction in the upper airway during the period of sleep. The condition occurs in approximately 11% and 4% of middle-aged men ...and middle-aged women, respectively. Polysomnography is a diagnostic procedure that involves the constant observation of oxygen saturation and unsaturation during sleep. Usually, positive airway pressure is considered a benchmark treatment for OSA.
This review summarizes the recent developments and emerging evidence from molecular biology-based research studies that show that genetic factors have an influence on OSA. The genetic aspects of OSA that have been identified include heritability and other phenotypic co-factors such as anatomical morphology. It also draws attention to the results of a polymorphic-based study that was conducted to determine the causative single nucleotide mutations associated with obesity and adverse cardiovascular risk in OSA. However, the role of such mutations and their linkage to OSA can not yet be established. Nonetheless, a large body of evidence supports a strong association between inflammatory cytokine polymorphism and obesity in the development of OSA. There are also probable intermediate factors with several gene–gene interactions. Therefore, advanced applications and modern techniques should be applied to facilitate new findings and to minimize the risk of developing OSA.
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•Obesity and cardiovascular diseases predisposes to obstructive sleep apnea.•Molecular alterations determine the severity of obstructive sleep apnea.•Gene polymorphism is strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea.•Molecular markers can aid to the management of obstructive sleep apnea.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by ball milling process using four different milling media namely, DI water, ethanol, iso-propanol and DMF. The influence of these milling media on structural and ...optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction and SAED analysis have been carried out to reveal structure of ZnO nanoparticles. Crystallite size and micro-strain of nanoparticles have been calculated using Scherer's formula and Williamson-Hall plots. Rietveld refinement of obtained XRD patterns has been carried out for estimation of structural and micro-structural parameters. It has been observed that structural attributes such as lattice parameters, unit cell volume, dislocation density, specific area, bond length and bond angle vary with milling media. Vibrational properties have been investigated with the help of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Morphological variation of particles with milling media has been revealed by FESEM and TEM investigation. Optical parameters namely, band gap energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constants, dielectric loss and optical conductivity have been evaluated using UV–Visible spectroscopy. The band gap values of particle synthesized in different milling media have been found in the range of 3.32–3.37 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of nanoparticles has been performed to investigate the type of defects present. The study reveal that tailoring of structural and optical parameters with milling media can be done by selecting different milling media.
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