Usually duality process keeps energy spectrum invariant. In this
paper, we provide a duality, which keeps entanglement spectrum
invariant, in order to diagnose quantum entanglement of non-Hermitian
...non-interacting fermionic systems. We limit our attention to
non-Hermitian systems with a complete set of biorthonormal eigenvectors
and an entirely real energy spectrum. The original system has a reduced
density matrix
\rho_\mathrm{o}
ρ
o
and the real space is partitioned via a projecting operator
\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm o}
ℛ
o
.
After dualization, we obtain a new reduced density matrix
\rho_{\mathrm{d}}
ρ
d
and a new real space projector
\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm d}
ℛ
d
.
Remarkably, entanglement spectrum and entanglement entropy keep
invariant. Inspired by the duality, we defined two types of
non-Hermitian models, upon
\mathcal R_{\mathrm{o}}
ℛ
o
is given. In type-I exemplified by the "non-reciprocal model'', there exists at least one duality such that
\rho_{\mathrm{d}}
ρ
d
is Hermitian. In other words, entanglement information of type-I
non-Hermitian models with a given
\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm{o}}
ℛ
o
is entirely controlled by Hermitian models with
\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm{d}}
ℛ
d
. As a result, we are allowed to apply known results of Hermitian systems to efficiently obtain entanglement properties of type-I models. On the other hand, the duals of type-II models, exemplified by "non-Hermitian
Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model’’, are always non-Hermitian. For the
practical purpose, the duality provides a potentially computation route
to entanglement of non-Hermitian systems. Via connecting different
models, the duality also sheds lights on either trivial or nontrivial
role of non-Hermiticity played in quantum entanglement, paving the way
to potentially systematic classification and characterization of
non-Hermitian systems from the entanglement perspective.
Centralized biological treatments, i.e., anaerobic digestion (AD) and in-vessel composting (IVC), were supposed to be the promising processes for the disposal of food waste (FW) after source ...separation, while the systematic benefits were unclear for FW with high water content, salt and oil and thus influenced the selection by the local decision-makers. In this study, two large-scale working AD and IVC plants were compared for environmental impacts, nutrient recovery and economic benefits. For unit amount of FW, 89.26 kg CO2-eq was released in IVC mainly due to 47.89 kWh electricity consumption, and 57.02 kg CO2-eq was produced in AD. With the application of compost and energy recovery, 26.88 and 93.55 kg CO2-eq savings were obtained in IVC and AD, respectively. NH3 emissions were the main contributor to acidification (0.35 kg SO2-eq) in IVC, while AD exerted less impact on acidification (0.09 kg SO2-eq) and nutrient enrichment (0.25 kg NO3-eq) attributed to the counteract of energy recovery. 2029 would be the inflection point for global warming potential in AD with more clean energy applied in electricity mix in China. For nutrient recovery, more C (8.3%), N (37.9%) and P (66.7%) could be recovered in compost, while those were discharged via leachate and biogas residue in AD. The cost of IVC was 16 CNY/t (2.40 USD/t) lower than AD. Combing the three key indexes and the sale routes of products, IVC was recommended to be used in areas dominated by agriculture and forestry industries, and AD was more suitable for large cities.
Display omitted
•Environmental impacts, nutrient recovery and economic benefits were co-considered.•62.38 kg CO2-eq/t of GWP was produced by IVC mainly for 47.89 kwh electricity input.•36.53 kg CO2-eq/t saving of GWP was observed in AD for 74.5 Nm3 biogas recovered.•More C (8.3%), N (37.9%) and P (66.7%) were recovered from IVC compared to AD.•Monte Carlo analysis was performed to assess the uncertainties of IVC and AD.
We spend much of our lives pursuing or avoiding affective experiences. However, surprisingly little is known about how these experiences are represented in the brain and if they are shared across ...individuals. Here, we explored variations in the construction of an affective experience during a naturalistic viewing paradigm based on subjective preferences in sociosexual desire and self-control using intersubject representational similarity analysis (IS-RSA). We found that when watching erotic movies, intersubject variations in sociosexual desire preferences of 26 heterosexual males were associated with similarly structured fluctuations in the cortico-striatal reward, default mode, and mentalizing networks. In contrast, variations in the self-control preferences were associated with shared dynamics in the fronto-parietal executive control and cingulo-insular salience networks. Importantly, these results were specific to the affective experience, as we did not observe any relationship with variation in preferences when individuals watched neutral movies. Moreover, these results appear to require multivariate representations of preferences as we did not observe any significant associations using single scalar summary scores. Our findings indicate that multidimensional variations in individual preferences can be used to uncover unique dimensions of an affective experience, and that IS-RSA can provide new insights into the neural processes underlying psychological experiences elicited through naturalistic experimental designs.
•Individual variations in neural dynamics map on to variations in behavioral preferences.•Using a multidimensional space provides more precision to measure behavioral preferences compared to scalar summary scores.•Intersubject representational similarity analysis can be used to identify affective experiences.
Shallow-sea hydrothermal systems experience continuous fluctuations of physicochemical conditions due to seawater influx which generates variable habitats, affecting the phylogenetic composition and ...metabolic potential of microbial communities. Until recently, studies of submarine hydrothermal communities have focused primarily on chemolithoautotrophic organisms, however, there have been limited studies on heterotrophic bacteria. Here, fluorescence
hybridization, high throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and functional metagenomes were used to assess microbial communities from the shallow-sea hydrothermal system off Kueishantao Island, Taiwan. The results showed that the shallow-sea hydrothermal system harbored not only autotrophic bacteria but abundant heterotrophic bacteria. The potential for marker genes sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation were detected in the metagenome datasets, suggesting a role for sulfur and carbon cycling in the shallow-sea hydrothermal system. Furthermore, the presence of diverse genes that encode transporters, glycoside hydrolases, and peptidase indicates the genetic potential for heterotrophic utilization of organic substrates. A total of 408 cultivable heterotrophic bacteria were isolated, in which the taxonomic families typically associated with oligotrophy, copiotrophy, and phototrophy were frequently found. The cultivation-independent and -dependent analyses performed herein show that Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria represent the dominant heterotrophs in the investigated shallow-sea hydrothermal system. Genomic and physiological characterization of a novel strain P5 obtained in this study, belonging to the genus
within Alphaproteobacteria, provides an example of heterotrophic bacteria with major functional capacity presented in the metagenome datasets. Collectively, in addition to autotrophic bacteria, the shallow-sea hydrothermal system also harbors many heterotrophic bacteria with versatile genetic potential to adapt to the unique environmental conditions.
Capacitive deionization (CDI) has been considered as a low energy consumption, economically attractive and environmental friendly method for desalination of salt water. Generally, the electrode ...materials play the key role in CDI. In the present work, representative activated carbons (ACs) recycled from bitter-tea and palm shell wastes (denoting BAC and PAC, respectively) were used as the CDI electrodes. To provide additional disinfection ability during CDI of salt water, Ag@C core-shell nanoparticles prepared from carbonization of Ag+-cyclodextrin complexes at 673 K were dispersed on the AC electrodes. By FTIR, it seems that the ACs have the less oxygen on their surfaces with more aromatic contents if the compared with the shell wastes as the carbon sources. Electrosorption efficiencies during the one-through CDI of a salt water (NaCl = 1000 ppm) using the BAC and PAC electrodes at +1.2 V are 25 and 28%, respectively. As the voltage is increased to +1.6 V, the electrosorption efficiencies and recovery performances of the PAC and Ag@C/PAC electrodes during the repeated CDI tests (+1.6 V → 0 V → +1.6 V) are similar to those operated at 1.2 V. However, after the potential polarity is reversed (+1.6 V to −1.6 V), their electrosorption efficiencies are considerably increased (capable of 40%). The ACs dispersed with the Ag@C nanoparticles (Ag@C/AC) has less contact angles, giving a better hydrophilicity. High disinfection abilities (95–98%) for the Ag@C/ACs electrodes during the 2-h CDI reaction can be obtained. This work exemplifies that the ACs recycled from shell wastes as CDI electrodes for desalination of salt water are chemically feasible. In addition, the AC-based CDI electrodes dispersed with Ag@C core-shell nanoparticles have additional disinfection ability during desalination of salt water.
•The activated carbon (AC) recycled from shell wastes for capacitive deionization (CDI) of salt water is chemically feasible.•The electrosorption efficiency of the recycled AC electrode can be increased up to 40%.•The AC electrode dispersed with Ag@C core-shell nanoparticles has extra disinfection ability during CDI of salt water.
Tumor cells adapt to excessive oxidative stress by actuating reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐defensing system, leading to a resistance to oxidation therapy. In this work, self‐delivery photodynamic ...synergists (designated as PhotoSyn) are developed for oxidative damage amplified tumor therapy. Specifically, PhotoSyn are fabricated by the self‐assembly of chlorine e6 (Ce6) and TH588 through π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. Without additional carriers, nanoscale PhotoSyn possess an extremely high drug loading rate (up to 100%) and they are found to be fairly stable in aqueous phase with a uniform size distribution. Intravenously injected PhotoSyn prefer to accumulate at tumor sites for effective cellular uptake. More importantly, TH588‐mediated MTH1 inhibition could destroy the ROS‐defensing system of tumor cells by preventing the elimination of 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine triphosphate (8‐oxo‐dG), thereby exacerbating the oxidative DNA damage induced by the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of Ce6 under light irradiation. As a consequence, PhotoSyn exhibit enhanced photo toxicity and a significant antitumor effect. This amplified oxidative damage strategy improves the PDT efficiency with a reduced side effect by increasing the lethality of ROS without generating superabundant ROS, which would provide a new insight for developing self‐delivery nanoplatforms in photodynamic tumor therapy in clinic.
Carrier free photodynamic synergists are developed for oxidative damage amplified tumor therapy by destroying the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐defensing system without generating excessive ROS, which shed light on the development of self‐delivery nanoplatforms for efficient photodynamic therapy by utilizing the limited oxygen in hypoxic tumors.
Be/
γ
-ray binaries comprise a confirmed or presumptive pulsar orbiting a Be star and emit luminous
γ
-rays. Non-thermal emissions are thought to arise from synchrotron radiation and inverse-Compton ...(IC) scattering in the shock where the pulsar wind is terminated by the stellar outflow. We study wind interactions and shock radiations from such systems and show that the bimodal structures observed in keV/TeV light curves are caused by enhanced synchrotron radiation and IC scattering during disc passages. We use a simple radiation model to reproduce orbital modulations of keV X-ray and TeV
γ
-ray flux and compare with two confirmed pulsar/Be star binaries (i.e. PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 and PSR J2032+4127/MT91 213), and two candidates (i.e. HESS J0632+057 and LS I +61°303). We find that the keV/TeV light curves of the former two binaries can be well explained by the inclined disc model, while modelling the modulated emissions of the latter two sources remains challenging with current orbital solutions. Therefore, we propose alternative orbital geometries for HESS J0632+057 and LS I +61°303. We estimate the positions and inclination angles of Be discs by fitting correlated keV/TeV light curves. Our results could be beneficial for future measurements of orbital parameters and searches for radio pulsations from presumed pulsars.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. Reports of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis have raised ...concerns about it worsening the disease course of COVID-19 and increasing mortality. Additionally, the first cases of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis caused by azole-resistant aspergillus have been reported. This article constitutes a consensus statement on defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, prepared by experts and endorsed by medical mycology societies. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis is proposed to be defined as possible, probable, or proven on the basis of sample validity and thus diagnostic certainty. Recommended first-line therapy is either voriconazole or isavuconazole. If azole resistance is a concern, then liposomal amphotericin B is the drug of choice. Our aim is to provide definitions for clinical research and up-to-date recommendations for clinical management of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.
Abstract
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering is a quantum effect based on quantum entanglement and it is the key resource for building quantum networks because of its useful properties. Based on ...the criterion for genuine multipartite EPR steering, the genuine quadripartite EPR steering is confirmed and it can be generated by a spontaneous parametric down-conversion cascaded process with two sum-frequency generations in an optical superlattice. This occurs either below the oscillation threshold and without oscillation threshold. The influence of the parameters of cascaded nonlinear process on the quadripartite EPR steering among signal, idler, and two sum-frequency beams are also discussed. Choosing appropriate nonlinear parameters can achieve good quadripartite quantum steering. This scheme of the generation of genuine quadripartite EPR steering has potential applications in quantum communication and computing.
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