Cette monographie présente les résultats de la fouille archéologique préventive menée en 2013-2014 sur le site de l’ancienne Gare routière de Clermont-Ferrand. Le secteur concerné par l’opération ...correspond au fond de vallée de la Tiretaine du Sud, en périphérie de la ville antique d’Augustonemetum. Il s’agit d’une zone marécageuse qui est investie à la fin du ier siècle ou au tout début du iie siècle, lors d’une première phase d’expansion de l’agglomération. Deux bâtiments sont alors construits, dont une auberge, établie en rive gauche d’un bras de la Tiretaine traversant l’emprise d’est en ouest. À la fin du iie siècle, la canalisation du cours d’eau assure un meilleur drainage du quartier, qui connaît un développement spectaculaire. L’auberge est agrandie, des locaux artisanaux sont installés en rive droite et, au nord, une maison à cour centrale est construite au sein d’une parcelle allongée, dont la configuration traduit indirectement la pression foncière qui s’exerce sur le quartier. Dès la fin du iiie siècle, le tiers sud de l’emprise de fouille est abandonné suite aux crues répétées du cours d’eau. L’auberge est profondément remodelée et change probablement de fonction. Cet édifice est à nouveau modifié durant le ive siècle, mais le mauvais état de conservation des vestiges de cette période ne permet pas d’en déterminer la nature. Après une longue phase d’abandon, le secteur n’est réoccupé qu’à partir du milieu du xve siècle. Le terrain est alors divisé en parcelles cultivées qui peuvent être identifiées à des vignes qui témoignent du développement d’une agriculture spéculative aux portes de la ville. Grâce à l’importante superficie explorée (4 500 m²) et à d’excellentes conditions de conservation, les fouilles de l’ancienne Gare routière ont livré une documentation extrêmement riche. Cet ouvrage, qui rassemble les contributions de vingt chercheurs, en livre une synthèse permettant de retracer l’évolution d’un quartier dans son environnement naturel et urbain.
The township of Lunel-Viel is located in southern France, halfway between Nîmes and Montpellier (Figure 1). Many previous archaeological surveys have documented the occupation of the area, which ...consisted of rural settlement and urbanisation processes from the Roman Era until the Middle Ages and Modern period (Favory et al. 1994; Garnier et al. 1995; Raynaud 1982; Raynaud 1986; Raynaud 1988; Raynaud 1989; Raynaud 1990; Raynaud 2007; Raynaud 2010). During the 1980s, a research programme focused on understanding the development of a particular Roman agglomeration within Verdier Nord, a neighbourhood of Lunel-Viel (Raynaud 2007; Raynaud 2010). Previous excavations revealed a public
Saint-Dizier-la-Tour est une commune de la Creuse, à une vingtaine de kilomètres à l’est de Guéret. Elle est constituée de deux anciens hameaux, la Tour-d’Austrille et Saint-Dizier réunis en 1848. ...L’église Saint-Didier et Saint-Blaise est localisée à l’ouest des habitations principales de Saint-Dizier. En 2004, cette dernière fait l’objet d’une inscription sur la liste des Monuments Historiques suite à la découverte d’un décor peint sur le mur intérieur sud du chœur, daté de 1650-1680. L’édif...
La période qui s’ouvre à partir de la fin du IIIe siècle est marquée par de profondes mutations. Elle débute par l’abandon du tiers méridional de l’emprise de la fouille pour aboutir à la ...désaffectation de la plupart des édifices au cours du IVe siècle. La nature des constructions qui subsistent évolue également. 4.1. Le site à la fin du IIIe siècle et au début du IVe siècle (phase 3) Cette phase de retrait s’amorce avec l’abandon de la rive droite du cours d’eau. Dans le même temps, les édif...
Learning to Predict Chemical Reactions Kayala, Matthew A; Azencott, Chloé-Agathe; Chen, Jonathan H ...
Journal of chemical information and modeling,
09/2011, Letnik:
51, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Being able to predict the course of arbitrary chemical reactions is essential to the theory and applications of organic chemistry. Approaches to the reaction prediction problems can be organized ...around three poles corresponding to: (1) physical laws; (2) rule-based expert systems; and (3) inductive machine learning. Previous approaches at these poles, respectively, are not high throughput, are not generalizable or scalable, and lack sufficient data and structure to be implemented. We propose a new approach to reaction prediction utilizing elements from each pole. Using a physically inspired conceptualization, we describe single mechanistic reactions as interactions between coarse approximations of molecular orbitals (MOs) and use topological and physicochemical attributes as descriptors. Using an existing rule-based system (Reaction Explorer), we derive a restricted chemistry data set consisting of 1630 full multistep reactions with 2358 distinct starting materials and intermediates, associated with 2989 productive mechanistic steps and 6.14 million unproductive mechanistic steps. And from machine learning, we pose identifying productive mechanistic steps as a statistical ranking, information retrieval problem: given a set of reactants and a description of conditions, learn a ranking model over potential filled-to-unfilled MO interactions such that the top-ranked mechanistic steps yield the major products. The machine learning implementation follows a two-stage approach, in which we first train atom level reactivity filters to prune 94.00% of nonproductive reactions with a 0.01% error rate. Then, we train an ensemble of ranking models on pairs of interacting MOs to learn a relative productivity function over mechanistic steps in a given system. Without the use of explicit transformation patterns, the ensemble perfectly ranks the productive mechanism at the top 89.05% of the time, rising to 99.86% of the time when the top four are considered. Furthermore, the system is generalizable, making reasonable predictions over reactants and conditions which the rule-based expert does not handle. A web interface to the machine learning based mechanistic reaction predictor is accessible through our chemoinformatics portal (http://cdb.ics.uci.edu) under the Toolkits section.
Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) encompass dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages (MoMac), which exhibit antimicrobial, homeostatic, and immunoregulatory functions. We integrated 178,651 MNPs from ...13 tissues across 41 datasets to generate a MNP single-cell RNA compendium (MNP-VERSE), a publicly available tool to map MNPs and define conserved gene signatures of MNP populations. Next, we generated a MoMac-focused compendium that revealed an array of specialized cell subsets widely distributed across multiple tissues. Specific pathological forms were expanded in cancer and inflammation. All neoplastic tissues contained conserved tumor-associated macrophage populations. In particular, we focused on IL4I1+CD274(PD-L1)+IDO1+ macrophages, which accumulated in the tumor periphery in a T cell-dependent manner via interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and CD40/CD40L-induced maturation from IFN-primed monocytes. IL4I1_Macs exhibited immunosuppressive characteristics through tryptophan degradation and promoted the entry of regulatory T cell into tumors. This integrated analysis provides a robust online-available platform for uniform annotation and dissection of specific macrophage functions in healthy and pathological states.
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•Cross-tissue integration of scRNA from monocytes and macrophages in health and disease•Conserved gene signatures of mononuclear phagocyte populations in human tissues•IL4I1+PD-L1+IDO1+ and TREM2+ TAM subsets accumulate in human tumors•IL4I1+PD-L1+IDO1+ TAM in the tumor periphery exhibit immunosuppressive characteristics
Mulder et al. integrate 178,651 human mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) from 13 tissues across 41 datasets to generate a MNP single-cell RNA compendium (MNP-VERSE) that enables the definition of conserved gene signatures of MNP populations. This integrated approach provides a robust, online-available platform (https://gustaveroussy.github.io/FG-Lab/) for uniform annotation and dissection of specific macrophage functions in healthy and pathological states.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary porous ZnO supplementation on the growth performance, inflammatory cytokines and tight junction’s gene expression in weaned piglets. A ...total of 192 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups (n=48/group) and fed, during 14 d, with one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (NC); 2) basal diet with 3,000 mg/kg of conventional ZnO (PC); 3) basal diet with 750 mg/kg of porous ZnO (low inclusion porous ZnO, LP-ZnO); 4) basal diet with 1,500 mg/kg porous ZnO (high inclusion porous ZnO, HP-ZnO). Results showed that dietary supplementation with regular ZnO or porous ZnO (750 and 1,500 mg/kg) improved average daily gain (ADG), feed to gain ratio (F/G) and jejunum morphology, while decreasing diarrhea incidence. Compared with the NC group, porous ZnO at both doses (750 or 1,500 mg/kg) increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations, but decreased serum glucose (GLU). Moreover, the mRNA expression of anti-inflammation cytokine (TGF-β), tight junction (Occludin, ZO-1) in the jejunum by different ZnO administration were significantly increased compared with the NC group, while mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8), membrane channels that transport water (AQP3) and miR-122a were significantly decreased. It can be concluded that porous ZnO even at low dose (750 mg/kg) can be an effective alternative to pharmacological (3,000 mg/kg) conventional ZnO in reducing diarrhea, promoting the growth performance, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines of weaned piglets.
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (IPHDs) who form resident populations along the Chinese coastline are facing a wide range of anthropogenic disturbances including intense fishing and some populations ...have been shown to experience a severe decline. Body condition is thought to be a good indicator of health since it is linked to survival and reproductive success. In order to better understand population trends, we investigated whether the body condition of IPHDs is poorer in populations whose status is alarming than in other populations. UAV flights were conducted from 2022 to 2023 in four locations (i.e., Sanniang Bay, Leizhou Bay, Jiangmen, and Lingding Bay) in the northern South China Sea. Body ratios were calculated using the body length and widths of IPHDs and were used to analyze differences among seasons, locations, and demographic parameters. A PCA was then used to obtain a detailed picture of the body condition composition of dolphins at each location. Results showed that dolphins from Leizhou Bay and Jiangmen were in better body condition than those from Sanniang Bay and Lingding Bay. Since populations inhabiting Sanniang Bay and Lingding Bay have been shown to experience a sharp decline, it can be hypothesized that poor body condition may have played a role in such a trend. Further investigations of the factors impacting IPHDs' body condition are needed, including monitoring of prey density, contaminant concentration, stress levels, and impacts of human activities on dolphins' behavior. In addition, the creation of a robust scoring method would allow for regular monitoring of IPHDs' body condition to inform conservation measures.
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•Some populations of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins are declining quickly.•The body condition of these dolphins was assessed using aerial photogrammetry.•Body condition was poorer at locations where fast decline is observed.•Body condition may play a role in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin population decline.•Body condition assessment should be included in population monitoring.
Odontocetes display a wide range of surface behaviors, including aerial and percussive behaviors. However, only a handful of studies have quantitatively investigated the context and function of ...surface behavioral events in odontocetes. Here, the display of breaching, side breaching, and tail-slapping by Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (
Sousa chinensis
) was observed during surveys conducted in three locations of the northern South China Sea. The analysis of 380 encounters revealed that, while breaching was not associated with particular contexts, side breaching was mostly displayed during foraging, probably to gather prey during feeding events, and could therefore be further used to indicate foraging activity. Tail-slapping was displayed significantly more during spring than in other seasons, during socializing and traveling than during other activities, and in larger than in smaller groups. This behavior was mostly displayed by old individuals in a variety of contexts, indicating a potential range of functions including attracting attention, communicating information, expressing an emotional state, or gathering prey together. Unexpectedly, tail slaps were significantly less frequent when the research boat actively followed dolphins, showing that the link between this behavior and human disturbances is not clear. More research is needed to investigate details regarding the display of tail slaps in order to be able to reliably use it as a cue to monitor during surveys that indicates that dolphins are being impacted due to disturbance from boats. Furthermore, differences in the display of surface behavioral events were observed among locations, which may be attributed to differences in foraging and/or communication strategies among different populations. The results obtained here will be useful for behavioral monitoring during field surveys.
Significance statement
Even though aerial and percussive behaviors are commonly observed in odontocetes, research conducted on these behaviors is scarce and their function(s) are not well understood yet. These functions may vary depending on the species and even on the population. Understanding the context and function of these behaviors is of significant importance for better monitoring animal behavior in the wild (e.g., categorizing the animals’ behavioral state, noticing signs of disturbance). The present study is the first to investigate aerial and percussive behaviors (i.e., breaching, side breaching, and tail slapping) in wild Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Dolphins exhibited differences in the frequency at which they display these behaviors depending on the population and the behavioral state of the group. These results inform on the potential communication/foraging strategies differences among populations and provide cues to better monitor dolphins’ behavior in the field.
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