Ubiquitously distributed in different plant species, plant lectins are highly diverse carbohydrate‐binding proteins of non‐immune origin. They have interesting pharmacological activities and ...currently are of great interest to thousands of people working on biomedical research in cancer‐related problems. It has been widely accepted that plant lectins affect both apoptosis and autophagy by modulating representative signalling pathways involved in Bcl‐2 family, caspase family, p53, PI3K/Akt, ERK, BNIP3, Ras‐Raf and ATG families, in cancer. Plant lectins may have a role as potential new anti‐tumour agents in cancer drug discovery. Thus, here we summarize these findings on pathway‐ involved plant lectins, to provide a comprehensive perspective for further elucidating their potential role as novel anti‐cancer drugs, with respect to both apoptosis and autophagy in cancer pathogenesis, and future therapy.
Electronic structures of graphene oxide (GO) and hydro-thermally reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) processed at low temperatures (120-180°C) were studied using X-ray absorption near-edge structure ...(XANES), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). C K-edge XANES spectra of rGOs reveal that thermal reduction restores C = C sp(2) bonds and removes some of the oxygen and hydroxyl groups of GO, which initiates the evolution of carbonaceous species. The combination of C K-edge XANES and Kα XES spectra shows that the overlapping π and π* orbitals in rGOs and GO are similar to that of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), which has no band-gap. C Kα RIXS spectra provide evidence that thermal reduction changes the density of states (DOSs) that is generated in the π-region and/or in the gap between the π and π* levels of the GO and rGOs. Two-dimensional C Kα RIXS mapping of the heavy reduction of rGOs further confirms that the residual oxygen and/or oxygen-containing functional groups modify the π and σ features, which are dispersed by the photon excitation energy. The dispersion behavior near the K point is approximately linear and differs from the parabolic-like dispersion observed in HOPG.
Weyl fermions are hypothetical two-component massless relativistic particles in three-dimensional (3D) space, proposed by Hermann Weyl in 1929. Their band-crossing points, called 'Weyl points', carry ...a topological charge and are therefore highly robust. There has been much excitement over recent observations of Weyl points in microwave photonic crystals and the semimetal TaAs. Here, we report on the experimental observation of 'type-II' Weyl points of light at optical frequencies, with the photons having a strictly positive group velocity along one spatial direction. We use a 3D structure consisting of laser-written waveguides, and show the presence of type-II Weyl points by observing conical diffraction along one axis when the frequency is tuned to the Weyl point; and observing the associated Fermi arc-like surface states. The realization of Weyl points at optical frequencies allows these novel electromagnetic modes to be further explored in the context of linear, nonlinear, and quantum optics.
The 3D printed bulk samples fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) of the additive manufacturing technique are usually considered to be 3D isotropic in microstructures and mechanical responses. ...This study systematically investigates the anisotropic responses in terms of hardness and electrochemical resistance for the X-, Y- and Z-planes of the SLM Ti-6Al-4V bulk samples fabricated with the zigzag laser path strategy. Results show that all SLM planes exhibit no significant difference in Young's modulus compared to the mechanically rolled plate. However, the X-plane, referred to the cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the laser moving direction, is found ~20% lower hardness and the lowest corrosion resistance compared to the Y- and Z-planes. The underlying reasoning is researched and discussed. The microstructure observations indicate that artifact holes are induced in the X-plane due to un-uniform laser intensity distribution between two neighboring printing lines. Alternatively, the Y- and Z-planes exhibit dense morphology due to multiple heating while zigzag scanning. Experimental results also indicate that the SLM materials exhibit higher corrosion resistance than the commercial rolled materials.
Summary
Background
Tinea capitis is still common in developing countries, such as China. Its pathogen spectrum varies across regions and changes over time.
Objectives
This study aimed to clarify the ...current epidemiological characteristics and pathogen spectrum of tinea capitis in China.
Methods
A multicentre, prospective descriptive study involving 29 tertiary hospitals in China was conducted. From August 2019 to July 2020, 611 patients with tinea capitis were enrolled. Data concerning demography, risk factors and fungal tests were collected. When necessary, the pathogens were further identified by morphology or molecular sequencing in the central laboratory.
Results
Among all enrolled patients, 74·1% of the cases were in patients aged 2–8 years. The children with tinea capitis were mainly boys (56·2%) and were more likely than adults to have a history of animal contact (57·4% vs. 35·3%, P = 0·012) and zoophilic dermatophyte infection (73·5% vs. 47%). The adults were mainly female (83%) and were more likely than children to have anthropophilic agent infection (53% vs. 23·9%). The most common pathogen was zoophilic Microsporum canis (354, 65·2%), followed by anthropophilic Trichophyton violaceum (74, 13·6%). In contrast to the eastern, western and northeastern regions, where zoophilic M. canis predominated, anthropophilic T. violaceum predominated in central China (69%, P < 0·001), where the patients had the most tinea at other sites (20%) and dermatophytosis contact (26%) but the least animal contact (39%). Microsporum ferrugineum was the most common anthropophilic agent in the western area, especially in Xinjiang province.
Conclusions
Boys aged approximately 5 years were the most commonly affected group. Dermatologists are advised to pay more attention to the different transmission routes and pathogen spectra in different age groups from different regions.
What is already known about this topic?
Tinea capitis is an infection of the scalp and hair caused by dermatophytes and is still common in developing countries. Prepubertal children are mainly affected.
The pathogen spectrum of tinea capitis varies across different geographical areas and changes over time.
Nationwide prospective epidemiological surveys of tinea capitis in China are rare and out of date.
What does this study add?
This study provides data concerning the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen spectrum of tinea capitis in contemporary China.
Boys aged approximately 5 years were most commonly affected and were more likely than adults to have zoophilic dermatophyte infection.
The main pathogens of tinea capitis in China are zoophilic dermatophytes, mainly Microsporum canis. In contrast to the other regions, the predominant pathogens in central China are anthropophilic dermatophytes.
Plain language summary available online
The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) has been used universally for the purpose of fracture risk assessment. However, the predictive capacity of FRAX for autoimmune diseases remains inconclusive. ...This study aimed to compare the applicability of FRAX for autoimmune disease patients. This retrospective study recruited rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) patients with bone mineral density (BMD) tests. Patients with any osteoporotic fractures were identified. Taiwan-specific FRAX with and without BMD were then calculated. In total, 802 patients (451 RA, 233 SLE and 118 pSS) were enrolled in this study. The cumulative incidences of osteoporotic fractures in the RA, SLE and pSS patients were 43.0%, 29.2% and 33.1%, respectively. For those with a previous osteoporotic fracture, T-scores were classified as low bone mass. Overall, the patients’ 10-year probability of major fracture risk by FRAX without BMD was 15.8%, which then increased to 20.3% after incorporation of BMD measurement. When analyzed by disease group, the fracture risk in RA patients was accurately predicted by FRAX. In contrast, current FRAX, either with or without BMD measurement, underestimated the fracture risk both in SLE and pSS patients, even after stratification by age and glucocorticoid treatment. For pSS patients with major osteoporotic fractures, FRAX risks imputed by RA were comparable to major osteoporotic fracture risks of RA patients. Current FRAX accurately predicted fracture probability in RA patients, but not in SLE and pSS patients. RA-imputed FRAX risk scores could be used as a temporary substitute for SLE and pSS patients.
Learning from a few examples (one/few-shot learning) on the fly is a key challenge for on-device machine intelligence. We present the first chip-level demonstration of one-shot learning with Stanford ...Associative memory for Programmable, Integrated Edge iNtelligence via life-long learning and Search (SAPIENS), a resistive random access memory (RRAM)-based non-volatile associative memory (AM) chip that serves as the backend for memory-augmented neural networks (MANNs). The 64-kb fully integrated RRAM-CMOS AM chip performs long-term feature embedding and retrieval, demonstrated on a 32-way one-shot learning task on the Omniglot dataset. Using only one example per class for 32 unseen classes during on-chip learning, SAPIENS achieves 79% measured inference accuracy on Omniglot, comparable to edge software model accuracy using five-level quantization (82%). It achieves an energy efficiency of 118 GOPS/W at 200 MHz for in-memory L1 distance computation and prediction. Multi-bank measurements on the same chip show that increasing the capacity from three banks (24 kb) to eight banks (64 kb) improves the chip accuracy from 73.5% to 79%, while minimizing the accuracy excursion due to bank-to-bank variability.
Neoadjuvant therapy is recommended for locally advanced esophageal cancer, but the optimal strategy remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ...(nCRT) versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) followed by minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Eligible patients staged as cT3-4aN0-1M0 ESCC were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to the nCRT or nCT group stratified by age, cN stage, and centers. The chemotherapy, based on paclitaxel and cisplatin, was administered to both groups, while concurrent radiotherapy was added for the nCRT group; then MIE was carried out. The primary endpoint was 3-year overall survival. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03001596).
A total of 264 patients were eligible for the intention-to-treat analysis. By 30 November 2021, 121 deaths had occurred. The median follow-up was 43.9 months (interquartile range 36.6-49.3 months). The overall survival in the intention-to-treat population was comparable between the nCRT and nCT strategies hazard ratio (HR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-1.18; P = 0.28, with a 3-year survival rate of 64.1% (95% CI 56.4% to 72.9%) versus 54.9% (95% CI 47.0% to 64.2%), respectively. There were also no differences in progression-free survival (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.59-1.16; P = 0.27) and recurrence-free survival (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.71-1.60; P = 0.75), although the pathological complete response in the nCRT group (31/112, 27.7%) was significantly higher than that in the nCT group (3/104, 2.9%; P < 0.001). Besides, a trend of lower risk of recurrence was observed in the nCRT group (P = 0.063), while the recurrence pattern was similar (P = 0.802).
NCRT followed by MIE was not associated with significantly better overall survival than nCT among patients with cT3-4aN0-1M0 ESCC. The results underscore the pending issue of the best strategy of neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced bulky ESCC.
•The CMISG1701 trial assessed the safety and efficacy of nCRT versus nCT followed by MIE for locally advanced bulky ESCC.•The nCRT followed by MIE strategy could not improve survival significantly compared with the nCT strategy.•The best strategy of neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced bulky ESCC remains a pending issue.
The commercial production of coalbed methane (CBM) in China has made significant achievements. To further improve the production of CBM and realize its development, it is necessary to establish a ...unique, high-efficiency CBM production method that considers the characteristics of coal reservoirs in China. This paper presents the current status of China’s CBM exploitation over the past 15 years from three aspects: reservoir characteristics, production mode, and exploitation technology. The achievements, in terms of exploration and development of CBM resources in China, were summarized. The CBM reservoirs in China are characterized by high coal rank, low permeability, high gas content, and low reservoir pressure gradient. Strategic measures for coal and CBM co-mining were proposed creatively as “Huainan”, “Jincheng”, and “Songzao” modes. CBM production enhancement measures have achieved significant innovations and breakthroughs in drilling and completion technologies and reservoir reconstruction, effectively reducing development costs and increasing single well production. Finally, based on existing basic research, this study proposes efficient CBM exploitation technologies suitable for the characteristics of CBM reservoirs in China. In particular, the uniform permeability enhancement measures of hydraulic grid slotting and fracturing have the advantages of safety, high efficiency, economy, feasibility, and broad application prospects under complex mining conditions. It is of great strategic significance to improve the CBM recovery rate and optimize China’s energy structure.
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