Visually inspecting integrated circuit (IC) wire bonding defects is important to ensuring the product quality after the packaging process. The availability of IC X-ray images offers an unprecedented ...opportunity of studying the image-based automatic IC wire inspection. In this paper, a data-driven method consists of data pre-processing, feature engineering, and classification is developed to address such problem. The data pre-processing is composed of a chip identification algorithm for locating and separating IC chip image patches from the raw images as well as a wire segmentation algorithm for obtaining the wire region. Next, geometric features extracted from the segmented wires are fed into classification models for identifying defects. Five data mining methods are utilised to develop classification models. The vision detection system (VDS) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) are considered as benchmarks. In computational studies, the effectiveness of the developed method is validated by using X-ray images collected from a semiconductor back-end factory in Mainland China. A comparative analysis is conducted to determine the most suitable classifier for the developed method in the chip classification and the SVM model is finally selected. Advantages of the developed method are verified by benchmarking against the VDS and CNN.
This paper develops a duopoly model to analyse capacity sharing strategy and the optimal revenue-sharing contract under a two-part tariff and examines the effects of capacity sharing, cost, and ...sharing charges in three scenarios. The paper uses the two-part tariff method and adds a more realistic assumption of incremental marginal costs to improve the research on capacity sharing strategies. The results show that capacity constraints affect the sustainable development of firms. A sustainable revenue-sharing contract can create a win-win situation for both firms and promote capacity sharing. Capacity sharing, cost, and the revenue-sharing rate have different impacts in different scenarios; the optimal revenue-sharing rate and fixed fee can be determined to maximise the profits of firms that share capacity. However, capacity sharing may not improve social welfare.
The males of many Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) respond strongly to plant-derived chemicals (male lures) and can be divided into cue lure/raspberry ketone (CL/RK) responders, methyl ...eugenol (ME) responders and non-responders. Representing a non-responders, Bactrocera minax display unique olfactory sensory characteristics compared with other Bactrocera species. The chemical senses of insects mediate behaviors that are associated with survival and reproduction. Here, we report the generation of transcriptomes from antennae and the rectal glands of both male and female adults of B. minax using Illumina sequencing technology, and annotated gene families potentially responsible for chemosensory.
We developed four transcriptomes from different tissues of B. minax and identified a set of candidate genes potentially responsible for chemosensory by analyzing the transcriptomic data. The candidates included 40 unigenes coding for odorant receptors (ORs), 30 for ionotropic receptors (IRs), 17 for gustatory receptors (GRs), three for sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 33 for odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), four for chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Sex- and tissue-specific expression profiles for candidate chemosensory genes were analyzed via transcriptomic data analyses, and expression profiles of all ORs and antennal IRs were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted on gene families and paralogs from other insect species together.
A large number of chemosensory genes were identified from transcriptomic data. Identification of these candidate genes and their expression profiles in various tissues provide useful information for future studies towards revealing their function in B. minax.
Macrolides are a significant family of natural products with diverse structures and bioactivities. Considerable effort has been made in recent decades to isolate additional macrolides and ...characterize their chemical and bioactive properties. The majority of macrolides are obtained from marine organisms, including sponges, marine microorganisms and zooplankton, cnidarians, mollusks, red algae, bryozoans, and tunicates. Sponges, fungi and dinoflagellates are the main producers of macrolides. Marine macrolides possess a wide range of bioactive properties including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimitotic, antiviral, and other activities. Cytotoxicity is their most significant property, highlighting that marine macrolides still encompass many potential antitumor drug leads. This extensive review details the chemical and biological diversity of 505 macrolides derived from marine organisms which have been reported from 1990 to 2020.
The existing literature has made great achievements in technology sharing (licensing patents) contracts, which has defects in the selection of oligopoly models, the setting of innovation subjects, ...the consideration of product heterogeneity, and production costs. This paper aims to reveal the competitiveness strategies of leaders and followers for innovation, technology sharing, and sharing fees in a Stackelberg market. The three-stage sequential game method is used to achieve the objective. The results are as follows. First, whether an enterprise uses innovation or shares technology is related to the fixed cost of innovation, the return on innovation, and product differentiation. It will hinder innovation activities if the fixed cost of innovation is too high, the return on innovation is too low, or the products are too homogeneous. A relatively low return on innovation makes it possible for the two enterprises to engage in sharing. However, with a relatively high return on innovation, only a high level of product differentiation can ensure technology sharing. Second, the optimal sharing fee is dynamic, showing an upward and then downward trend as the return on innovation grows. Product differentiation has an uncertain impact on the cost. Third, either the leader or the follower is likely to be the optimal bearer of social responsibility depending on the returns on innovation and product differentiation. This study has theoretical significance for optimizing technology-sharing decisions, improving competitiveness for enterprises, and formulating effective industrial policy for the government. And it provides some practical guidance for competition and cooperation between enterprises with technological innovation behavior.
This study focuses on the mixed-ownership reform of state-owned enterprises in an industry chain. By constructing an oligopoly model considering the proportion of state-owned shares and product ...differentiation, this study examines the impacts of the balance of state-owned shares and product differentiation in four scenarios, and analyzes the proportion of state-owned shares to maximize the social welfare of the industry chain. The results reveal a synergistic relationship between the balance of state-owned shares and product differentiation. The equilibrium results vary in different industry chain links and competition modes. The implementation of mixed ownership by upstream enterprises will help improve the overall efficiency of the industry chain. Complete nationalization may be optimal and an upstream monopoly can be realized under certain conditions.
Phosphine-catalyzed intermolecular sequential 4 + 3 domino annulation/allylic alkylation of MBH carbonates and N-tosyl azadienes is reported. A series of functionalized benzofuran-fused ...seven-membered nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds with one quaternary center were obtained in good to excellent yields. In this sequential reaction, three new bonds were formed in one pot, and the MBH carbonates serve as 1,2,3-C3 synthon and C1 synthon at the same time.
Considering the high reoperation rate in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) patients undergoing lumbar surgeries and controversial results on the risk factors for the reoperation, we ...performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the reoperation rate and risk factors for the reoperation in DLS patients undergoing lumbar surgeries.
Literature search was conducted from inception to October 28, 2022 in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Odds ratio (OR) was used as the effect index for the categorical data, and effect size was expressed as 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity test was performed for each outcome effect size, and subgroup analysis was performed based on study design, patients, surgery types, follow-up time, and quality of studies to explore the source of heterogeneity. Results of all outcomes were examined by sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was assessed using Begg test, and adjusted using trim-and-fill analysis.
A total of 39 cohort studies (27 retrospective cohort studies and 12 prospective cohort studies) were finally included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall results showed a 10% (95%CI: 8%-12%) of reoperation rate in DLS patients undergoing lumbar surgeries. In surgery types subgroup, the reoperation rate was 11% (95%CI: 9%-13%) for decompression, 10% (95%CI: 7%-12%) for fusion, and 9% (95%CI: 5%-13%) for decompression and fusion. An increased risk of reoperation was found in patients with obesity (OR = 1.91, 95%CI: 1.04-3.51), diabetes (OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.43-2.82), and smoking (OR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.23-1.84).
We found a 10% of reoperation rate in DLS patients after lumbar surgeries. Obesity, diabetes, and smoking were risk factors for the reoperation.
Nickel oxide (NiO) is a wide band gap semiconductor material that is used as an electrochromic layer or an ion storage layer in electrochromic devices. In this work, the effect of annealing ...temperature on sol-gel NiO films was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the formation of NiO via decomposition of the precursor nickel acetate occurred at about 300 °C. Meanwhile, an increase in roughness was observed by Atomic force microscope (AFM), and precipitation of a large number of crystallites was observed at 500 °C. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that the NiO film obtained at such a temperature showed a degree of crystallinity. The film crystallinity and crystallite size also increased with increasing annealing temperature. An ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used to investigate the optical band gap of the colored NiO films, and it was found that the band gap increased from 3.65 eV to 3.74 eV with the increase in annealing temperature. An electrochromic test further showed that optical modulation density and coloring efficiency decreased with the increase in crystallite size. The electrochromic reaction of the nickel oxide film is more likely to occur at the crystal interface and is closely related to the change of the optical band gap. An NiO film with smaller crystallite size is more conducive to ion implantation and the films treated at 300 °C exhibit optimum electrochromic behavior.
A dual linearly-polarized (LP) high-order-mode antenna with high gain and high isolation is proposed for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. To obtain high gain and wide bandwidth, a ...<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">2\times2 </tex-math></inline-formula> slot-fed magneto-electric (ME)-dipole antenna elements are excited by a high-order-mode TM 430 cavity. Two substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding networks that are vertically arranged in the bottom layers are employed to feed the high-order-mode cavity antenna for a double capacity, high isolation and low transmission loss. Moreover, an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">8\times8 </tex-math></inline-formula> antenna array is fed by a pair of compact modified H-shaped full-corporate SIW networks. Measurement results show that an overlapped frequency bandwidth of 14.6% (36.8-42.6 GHz) with a peak gain of 25.8 dBi and an isolation of greater than 45 dB for the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">8\times8 </tex-math></inline-formula> dual LP antenna array are achieved, which guarantee reliable high-speed data transmission and anti-interference capacity for 5G communications.
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