Physical Internet (PI, π) has been widely used for transforming and upgrading the logistics and supply chain management worldwide. This study extends the PI concept into manufacturing shop floors ...where typical logistics resources are converted into smart manufacturing objects (SMOs) using Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless technologies to create a RFID-enabled intelligent shop floor environment. In such PI-based environment, enormous RFID data could be captured and collected. This study introduces a Big Data Analytics for RFID logistics data by defining different behaviours of SMOs. Several findings are significant. It is observed that task weight is primarily considered in the logistics decision-making in this case. Additionally, the highest residence time occurs in a buffer with the value of 12.17 (unit of time) which is 40.57% of the total delivery time. That implies the high work-in-progress inventory level in this buffer. Key findings and observations are generated into managerial implications, which are useful for various users to make logistics decisions under PI-enabled intelligent shop floors.
Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 have been shown to be associated with warfarin dose requirements and could be used to predict warfarin dose. We conducted a prospective study in which warfarin dose ...was prescribed based on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms in 108 Han‐Chinese patients without prior warfarin treatments. Using the genotype‐based dosing, 83% of patients reached stable, therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) within 2 weeks of treatment initiation and none of the patients developed clinical bleeding or thromboembolic event. Ten percent (11) of patients with INR >4 and no clinical bleeding were detected during this study. At 12 weeks, 69% of the patients' maintenance doses matched the prediction. Dosing algorithms incorporating genetic factors, age, and body surface area were developed, which could explain up to 62% of the total variation (R2 of 0.62). This study demonstrated that pharmacogenetics‐based dosing could improve time to stable, therapeutic INR, reduce adverse events, and achieve high sensitivity.
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2008); 84, 1, 83–89 doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100453
•A supply chain disruption recovery strategy is presented with the motivation of changing product composition.•A mixed integer model of selection and order allocation of candidate supplier is ...developed to minimize the profit loss by product composition changes.•A hybrid method combining ILOG CPLEX Toolbox and genetic algorithm is proposed for the investigated problem.•Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and managerial insights of the proposed model and algorithm.
A recent global outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to massive supply chain disruption, resulting in difficulties for manufacturers on recovering their supply chains in a short term. This paper presents a supply chain disruption recovery strategy with the motivation of changing the original product type to cope with that. In order to maximize the total profit from product changes, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed with combining emergency procurement on the supply side and product changes by the manufacturer as well as backorder price compensation on the demand side. The model uses a heuristic algorithm based on ILOG CPLEX toolbox. Experimental results show that the proposed disruption recovery strategy can effectively reduce the profit loss of manufacturer due to late delivery and order cancellation. It is observed that the impact of supply chain disruptions is reduced. The proposed model can offer a potentially useful tool to help the manufacturers decide on the optimal recovery strategy whenever the supply chain system experiences a sudden massive disruption.
Cloud Manufacturing twining with Internet of Things (IoT) has been waked up to achieve final intelligent manufacturing. With the IoT technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) ...implemented in manufacturing sites, enormous data will be generated. Such data are so complex, abstract, and variable so that it is difficult to make full use of the data which carry great myriad of useful information and knowledge. This paper presents a visualization approach for the RFID-enabled shopfloor logistics Big Data from Cloud Manufacturing. An innovative RFID-Cuboid model is used for reconstructing the RFID raw data given the production logic and time series. Several contributions are highlighted. Firstly, a possible approach to integrate IoT and Cloud Manufacturing is introduced to upgrade and transform the traditional industry for an intelligent future. Secondly, an RFID-Cuboid model is proposed by using the production logic and time stamps to chain the RFID data so that the data could be interpreted. Thirdly, a real-life case is reported to show the feasibility and practicality of the proposed visualization approach to help different end-users to ease their daily operations. Lessons and insights from this case are meaningful for the implementation of IoT-enabled Cloud Manufacturing and Big Data analytics in industry field.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) has been widely used in supporting the logistics management on manufacturing shopfloors where production resources attached with RFID facilities are converted ...into smart manufacturing objects (SMOs) which are able to sense, interact, and reason to create a ubiquitous environment. Within such environment, enormous data could be collected and used for supporting further decision-makings such as logistics planning and scheduling. This paper proposes a holistic Big Data approach to excavate frequent trajectory from massive RFID-enabled shopfloor logistics data with several innovations highlighted. Firstly, RFID-Cuboids are creatively introduced to establish a data warehouse so that the RFID-enabled logistics data could be highly integrated in terms of tuples, logic, and operations. Secondly, a Map Table is used for linking various cuboids so that information granularity could be enhanced and dataset volume could be reduced. Thirdly, spatio-temporal sequential logistics trajectory is defined and excavated so that the logistics operators and machines could be evaluated quantitatively. Finally, key findings from the experimental results and insights from the observations are summarized as managerial implications, which are able to guide end-users to carry out associated decisions.
Summary Background Overall HIV mortality rates in China have not been reported. In this analysis we assess overall mortality in treatment-eligible adults with HIV and attempt to identify risk factors ...for HIV-related mortality. Methods We used data from the national HIV epidemiology and treatment databases to identify individuals aged 15 years or older with HIV who were eligible for highly active antiretroviral therapy between 1985 and 2009. Mortality rates were calculated in terms of person-years, with risk factors determined by Cox proportional hazard regression. Treatment coverage was calculated as the proportion of time that patients who were eligible for treatment received treatment, with risk factors for not receiving treatment identified by use of logistic regression. Findings Of 323 252 people reported as having HIV in China by the end of 2009, 145 484 (45%) were identified as treatment-eligible and included in this analysis. Median CD4 count was 201 cells per μL (IQR 71–315) at HIV diagnosis and 194 cells per μL (73–293) when first declared eligible for treatment. Overall mortality decreased from 39·3 per 100 person-years in 2002 to 14·2 per 100 person-years in 2009, with treatment coverage concomitantly increasing from almost zero to 63·4%. By 2009, mortality was higher and treatment coverage lower in injecting drug users (15·9 deaths per 100 person-years; 42·7% coverage) and those infected sexually (17·5 deaths per 100 person-years; 61·7% coverage), compared with those infected through plasma donation or blood transfusion (6·7 deaths per 100 person-years; 80·2% coverage). The two strongest risk factors for HIV-related mortality were not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 4·35, 95% CI 4·10–4·62) and having a CD4 count of less than 50 cells per μL when first declared eligible for treatment (7·92, 7·33–8.57). Interpretation An urgent need exists for earlier HIV diagnosis and better access to treatment for injecting drug users and patients infected with HIV sexually, especially before they become severely immunosuppressed. Funding The National Centre for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention of the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
AbstractGuidelines on the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) have essentially remained the same for the past 35 years, but are now starting to change. Ongoing clinical trials will hopefully transform the ...landscape for treatment of drug sensitive TB, drug resistant TB, and latent TB infection. Multiple trials are evaluating novel agents, repurposed agents, adjunctive host directed therapies, and novel treatment strategies that will increase the probability of success of future clinical trials. Guidelines for HIV-TB co-infection treatment continue to be updated and drug resistance testing has been revolutionized in recent years with the shift from phenotypic to genotypic testing and the concomitant increased speed of results. These coming changes are long overdue and are sorely needed to address the vast disparities in global TB incidence rates. TB is currently the leading cause of death globally from a single infectious agent, but the work of many researchers and the contributions of many patients in clinical trials will reduce the substantial global morbidity and mortality of the disease.
To understand better the risk of tuberculosis transmission with increasing delay in tuberculosis treatment, we undertook a retrospective cohort study in Shenzhen, China.
All pulmonary tuberculosis ...cases in the Shenzhen tuberculosis surveillance database from 1993-2010 were included. Sputum smear positivity and presence of pulmonary cavity were used as proxies for risk of tuberculosis transmission.
Among 48,441pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 70% presented with symptoms of pulmonary TB, 62% were sputum smear positive, and 21% had a pulmonary cavity on chest x-ray. 95.3% of patients self-presented for evaluation of illness after a median 58 days of delay after symptoms began. The proportion presenting sputum smear positive (p<0.001) and with a pulmonary cavity (p<0.001) increased significantly with increasing duration of delay.
Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is associated with a significantly increased risk of pulmonary sputum smear positivity and pulmonary cavity. To decrease risk of transmission, treatment delay needs to be reduced further.
Linezolid has antimycobacterial activity in vitro and is increasingly used for patients with highly drug-resistant tuberculosis.
We enrolled 41 patients who had sputum-culture-positive extensively ...drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis and who had not had a response to any available chemotherapeutic option during the previous 6 months. Patients were randomly assigned to linezolid therapy that started immediately or after 2 months, at a dose of 600 mg per day, without a change in their background regimen. The primary end point was the time to sputum-culture conversion on solid medium, with data censored 4 months after study entry. After confirmed sputum-smear conversion or 4 months (whichever came first), patients underwent a second randomization to continued linezolid therapy at a dose of 600 mg per day or 300 mg per day for at least an additional 18 months, with careful toxicity monitoring.
By 4 months, 15 of the 19 patients (79%) in the immediate-start group and 7 of the 20 (35%) in the delayed-start group had culture conversion (P=0.001). Most patients (34 of 39 87%) had a negative sputum culture within 6 months after linezolid had been added to their drug regimen. Of the 38 patients with exposure to linezolid, 31 (82%) had clinically significant adverse events that were possibly or probably related to linezolid, including 3 patients who discontinued therapy. Patients who received 300 mg per day after the second randomization had fewer adverse events than those who continued taking 600 mg per day. Thirteen patients completed therapy and have not had a relapse. Four cases of acquired resistance to linezolid have been observed.
Linezolid is effective at achieving culture conversion among patients with treatment-refractory XDR pulmonary tuberculosis, but patients must be monitored carefully for adverse events. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, South Korea; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00727844.).
The popularity of round-the-clock online shopping urges the rapid growth of e-commerce, which substantially generates additional parcels for the distribution on the forward side. On the other hand, ...collecting the returned goods on the revere side is also increasingly becoming a preoccupation, particularly in the crowd and dense metropolitan areas. Inspired by the concepts of Crowdsourcing and Physical Internet, we propose an innovative solution to collect the e-commerce returned goods from final consumption points back to retailers. As an alternative to traditional ways, this solution delivers the returned goods and passengers in an integrated way by leveraging the extra loading capacity and constant mobility provided by taxis that are already reserved to transport passengers. Thus, it could simultaneously migrate the negative economical, environmental and social impacts of reverse flows management. To address the issue of the returned goods collection, we first conduct the qualitative and quantitative study, and further investigate the feasibility and viability of the solution based on three real-world datasets, which consist of locations of shops, a road network and a large-scale trajectory data generated by over 7000 taxis in a month in the city of Hangzhou, China. Three collection strategies are proposed and evaluated. Experimental results generate several useful insights into the implementability and managerial issues of the proposed solution.
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