Language comprehenders have been arguing to mentally
represent the implied orientation of objects. However, compared to the effects
of shape, size, and color, the effect of orientation is rather ...small. We
examined a potential explanation for the relatively low magnitude of the
orientation effect: Object size moderates the orientation effect. Theoretical
considerations led us to predict a smaller orientation effect for small objects
than for large objects in a sentence-picture verification task. We
furthermore investigated whether this pattern generalizes across languages
(Chinese, Dutch, and English) and tasks (picture-naming task). The results of
the verification task show an orientation effect overall, which is not moderated
by object size (contrary to our hypothesis) and language (consistent with our
hypothesis). Meanwhile, the preregistered picture-picture verification
task showed the predicted interaction between object size and orientation
effect. We conducted exploratory analyses to address additional questions.
The objective is to evaluate the diagnosis of foreign body (FB) ingestion and report on the endoscopic management in Taiwan.
This retrospective study enrolled 159 adult patients with confirmed ...diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal FBs who received endoscopic management in the emergency department.
The patients' mean age was 57.0 ± 19.2 years, and 66 (37.7%) of the patients were 65 years or older. Majority had a clear history and symptoms of FB ingestion. However, 9 (5.7%) initially ignored the accidental swallowing of FBs and were diagnosed late. The mean time spent for diagnosis was 1.8 days in those with uncertain history. Only 47.1% of those with radiographic studies had positive findings. Fish bones, press-through package and dentures were the most common culprits in this population of Asian elderly. Majority of FBs were located in the esophagus, especially in the upper third. Endoscopic FB extraction was successful in 96.9% of cases, while surgery was required in only 5 patients. The complication rate was 6.9%, including mucosal laceration (n = 10) and suspected perforation (n = 1), all of which were successfully managed conservatively. There was no death due to FB ingestion or endoscopy.
In FB ingestion, history usually points toward the diagnosis. Patients with an uncertain history are usually diagnosed late, and plain radiography cannot reliably predict the presence of FB. Endoscopic management is safe and effective for FBs.
The attentional spatial-numerical association of response codes (Att-SNARC) effect (Fischer, Castel, Dodd, & Pratt, 2003)—the finding that participants are quicker to detect left-side targets when ...the targets are preceded by small numbers and quicker to detect right-side targets when they are preceded by large numbers—has been used as evidence for embodied number representations and to support strong claims about the link between number and space (e.g., a mental number line). We attempted to replicate Experiment 2 of Fischer et al. by collecting data from 1,105 participants at 17 labs. Across all 1,105 participants and four interstimulus-interval conditions, the proportion of times the effect we observed was positive (i.e., directionally consistent with the original effect) was .50. Further, the effects we observed both within and across labs were minuscule and incompatible with those observed by Fischer et al. Given this, we conclude that we failed to replicate the effect reported by Fischer et al. In addition, our analysis of several participant-level moderators (finger-counting habits, reading and writing direction, handedness, and mathematics fluency and mathematics anxiety) revealed no substantial moderating effects. Our results indicate that the Att-SNARC effect cannot be used as evidence to support strong claims about the link between number and space.
Although regularity refers to the compatibility between pronunciation of character and sound of phonetic component, it has been suggested as being part of consistency, which is defined by ...neighborhood characteristics. Two experiments demonstrate how regularity effect is amplified or reduced by neighborhood characteristics and reveals the regularity effect without the confounding of neighboring characters. Experiment 1 examined the regularity effects of characters with more than one neighboring character, the results of which indicated that the consistency of irregular characters decides the patterns of regularity effects. Experiment 2 included characters without neighboring characters and measured the interaction of character frequency and regularity effect. The interactions of the characters with neighboring characters were reduced by the neighborhood characteristics of irregular characters, but a marginal interaction was found for characters without neighboring characters. The theoretical implication that regularity is acquired from lexical knowledge of phonetic components rather than accumulated from neighboring characters is discussed.
The Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science (SIPS) is an organization whose mission focuses on bringing together scholars who want to improve methods and practices in psychological ...science. The organization reaffirmed in June 2020 that “we cannot do good science without diverse voices,” and acknowledged that “right now the demographics of SIPS are unrepresentative of the field of psychology, which is in turn unrepresentative of the global population. We have work to do when it comes to better supporting Black scholars and other underrepresented minorities.”
The purpose of the Global Engagement Task Force, started in January 2020, was to explore suggestions made after the 2019 Annual Conference, held in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, around inclusion and access for scholars from regions outside of the United States, Canada, and Western Europe (described in the report as “geographically diverse” regions), a task complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic and civil unrest in several task force members’ countries of residence. This report outlines several suggestions, specifically around building partnerships with geographically diverse open science organizations; increasing SIPS presence at other, more local events; diversifying remote events; considering geographically diverse annual conference locations; improving membership and financial resources; and surveying open science practitioners from geographically diverse regions.
This study investigates why Lee et al. (2005) noted an interaction of character frequency and phonetic-sound consistency during their experiment in naming non-phonetic phonograms. To evaluate whether ...the phonetic-radical consistency produced their results, the balance of summed frequency of friends and the context of fillers are considered. The result shows these factors changing difficulty across conditions and causing Lee’s et al. findings. Based on the realization of their mistake, the author suggests that a complete theoretical framework of the orthography-to-phonology correspondence should consider the qualitative and quantitative aspects with equal importance., 本研究探討李佳穎等人(2005)於朗讀非字含旁字的實驗中發現字頻與一致性交互作用效果的其他理論意義。為確認聲旁–發音一致性的實際影響力，刺激字朋友頻率總和的平衡與填充刺激的內容皆列為關鍵變項。新實驗結果顯示李佳穎等人的發現實際反映作業難度的變化。透過實驗問題的揭露，筆者認為處理形音對應問題的理論模型應同時考慮量性與質性的因素
Sentence-frame frequency effects LIU, In-Mao; SUE, Lue-Ruey; CHEN, Sau-Chin ...
Language and cognitive processes,
08/2007, Letnik:
22, Številka:
5
Journal Article
This study investigates how sentences of subject-verb-object type are comprehended. We adopted a usage-based approach by first selecting a high frequency and a low frequency sentence frame (SF) ...determined by the same verb, each SF being characterised by its subject and object belonging to some semantic categories for a specific verb. It was observed in Experiment 1 that the time of comprehending the verb and activating its specific sense through accessing the subject-object semantic features is a significant component of the total sentence comprehension time. Experiment 2 validated the definition of SF frequency by observing SF repetition effects without repetitions of any surface constituents, as long as the subject-object pairs for each verb are characterised by specific semantic features. It may further be concluded that it is not syntactic structure frequency, but sentence frame frequency that is critical in the reading of sentences.
This study examines the role of phonological information in the visual recognition of written words. The term visual word recognition is used here to refer to the process of word-form identification ...as opposed to meaning retrieval (Monsell, Doyle & Haggard, 1989). Meaning retrieval implies word-form identification, however, not vice versa.Phonological information could be generated from the visually presented word in two ways. First, the word is recognized as a particular orthographic pattern and then its pronunciation retrieved from memory (addressed phonology). Second, phonological information concerning the word can be generated via spelling–sound correspondences during the recognition process before identification is complete, which represents an instance of assembled phonology (Patterson & Coltheart, 1987). The assembled phonology route necessarily assumes that component letters or graphemes be identified to an extent that allows spelling–sound correspondence rules to be applicable. Evidence for phonological mediation naturally consists of demonstrating that the word's graphemic units activate phonemic units earlier than the word is recognized. Several methods have been used to claim evidence for phonological mediation.Paradigms used for studying phonological mediationTwo paradigms have generally been used to provide evidence for, or against, phonological mediation in English and Chinese. They are the priming paradigm and semantic categorization paradigm.Priming paradigmThere are English and Chinese studies using the priming paradigm. Although the priming paradigm used in Chinese studies differs in some details from the priming paradigm used in English studies, both studies aimed at showing that phonological activation is very early.
PDF
