Background
The concomitant use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is a significant concern because of potential drug‐drug interaction that reduces TKI absorption, ...thus potentially reducing the effectiveness of TKIs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of concomitant TKI‐PPI receipt and its impact on survival and therapy discontinuation in older adults with cancer.
Methods
This retrospective study used linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare data for the years 2007 through 2012. In total, 12,538 patients with lung cancer, renal cell cancer, chronic myelogenous leukemia, liver cancer, or pancreatic cancer were included. The primary exposure variable was concomitant receipt of TKI‐PPI, defined as at least 30 days of PPI use in the first 90 days from the start of the TKI (exposure period). The outcomes measured were overall survival and discontinuation of therapy in 90 days and 1 year after the end of the exposure period. Cox proportional‐hazards regression with inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to evaluate the association between exposure and outcome.
Results
The overall prevalence of TKI‐PPI receipt was 22.7%. Predictors that were associated with increased use included polypharmacy and prior PPI receipt. TKI‐PPI use decreased survival in 90 days (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.05‐1.28) and in 1 year (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.04‐1.18) but was not associated with discontinuation.
Conclusions
Nearly 1 in 4 older adults with cancer who receive TKIs also receive PPIs concomitantly, and concomitant use is associated with an increased risk of death. Concerted efforts to manage medications are needed to identify and reduce the receipt of PPIs when TKIs are initiated.
Nearly 1 in 4 older adults with cancer concomitantly receive interacting tyrosine kinase inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors. The concomitant use of these drugs is associated with an increased risk of death.
Stretchable self‐healing supercapacitors (SCs) can operate under extreme deformation and restore their initial properties after damage with considerably improved durability and reliability, expanding ...their opportunities in numerous applications, including smart wearable electronics, bioinspired devices, human–machine interactions, etc. It is challenging, however, to achieve mechanical stretchability and self‐healability in energy storage technologies, wherein the key issue lies in the exploitation of ideal electrode and electrolyte materials with exceptional mechanical stretchability and self‐healing ability besides conductivity. Conductive hydrogels (CHs) possess unique hierarchical porous structure, high electrical/ionic conductivity, broadly tunable physical and chemical properties through molecular design and structure regulation, holding tremendous promise for stretchable self‐healing SCs. Hence, this review is innovatively constructed with a focus on stretchable and self‐healing CH based electrodes and electrolytes for SCs. First, the common synthetic approaches of CHs are introduced; then the stretching and self‐healing strategies involved in CHs are systematically elaborated; followed by an explanation of the conductive mechanism of CHs; then focusing on CH‐based electrodes and electrolytes for stretchable self‐healing SCs; subsequently, application of stretchable and self‐healing SCs in wearable electronics are discussed; finally, a conclusion is drawn along with views on the challenges and future research directions regarding the field of CHs for SCs.
Conductive hydrogels (CHs) are a new class of soft functional materials that have recently found application in flexible energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). Herein, the promise of CHs in this emerging field is demonstrated through summarizing their roles as ideal electrode and electrolyte materials for stretchable and self‐healing SCs.
Fused‐ring electron acceptors have made significant progress in recent years, while the development of fully non‐fused ring acceptors has been unsatisfactory. Here, two fully non‐fused ring ...acceptors, o‐4TBC‐2F and m‐4TBC‐2F, were designed and synthesized. By regulating the location of the hexyloxy chains, o‐4TBC‐2F formed planar backbones, while m‐4TBC‐2F displayed a twisted backbone. Additionally, the o‐4TBC‐2F film showed a markedly red‐shifted absorption after thermal annealing, which indicated the formation of J‐aggregates. For fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs), PBDB‐T was used as a donor and blended with the two acceptors. The o‐4TBC‐2F‐based blend films displayed higher charge mobilities, lower energy loss and a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). The optimized devices based on o‐4TBC‐2F gave a PCE of 10.26 %, which was much higher than those based on m‐4TBC‐2F at 2.63 %, and it is one of the highest reported PCE values for fully non‐fused ring electron acceptors.
Two fully non‐fused acceptors are precisely designed and easily prepared. The side chain encapsulation can induce a planar molecular backbone conformation, endowing the acceptor with broad light absorption. Thermal annealing promotes molecular rearrangement to form J‐aggregates with even broader absorption and higher absorption coefficient. A PCE over 10 % is one of the highest PCE for fully non‐fused ring acceptors.
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. It has been ...applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections. Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein wogonin are the major bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis. These flavones have been reported to have various pharmacological functions, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. In this review, we focus on clinical applications and the pharmacological properties of the medicinal plant and the flavones extracted from it. We also describe biotechnological and metabolic methods that have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the bioactive compounds in Scutellaria.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that individuals with a cervix initiate cervical cancer screening at age 25 years and undergo primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years ...through age 65 years (preferred); if primary HPV testing is not available, then individuals aged 25 to 65 years should be screened with cotesting (HPV testing in combination with cytology) every 5 years or cytology alone every 3 years (acceptable) (strong recommendation). The ACS recommends that individuals aged >65 years who have no history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe disease within the past 25 years, and who have documented adequate negative prior screening in the prior 10 years, discontinue all cervical cancer screening (qualified recommendation). These new screening recommendations differ in 4 important respects compared with the 2012 recommendations: 1) The preferred screening strategy is primary HPV testing every 5 years, with cotesting and cytology alone acceptable where access to US Food and Drug Administration‐approved primary HPV testing is not yet available; 2) the recommended age to start screening is 25 years rather than 21 years; 3) primary HPV testing, as well as cotesting or cytology alone when primary testing is not available, is recommended starting at age 25 years rather than age 30 years; and 4) the guideline is transitional, ie, options for screening with cotesting or cytology alone are provided but should be phased out once full access to primary HPV testing for cervical cancer screening is available without barriers. Evidence related to other relevant issues was reviewed, and no changes were made to recommendations for screening intervals, age or criteria for screening cessation, screening based on vaccination status, or screening after hysterectomy. Follow‐up for individuals who screen positive for HPV and/or cytology should be in accordance with the 2019 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology risk‐based management consensus guidelines for abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors.
Three regioregular benzodithiophene‐based donor–donor (D–D)‐type polymers (PBDTT, PBDTT1Cl, and PBDTT2Cl) are designed, synthesized, and used as donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs). Because ...of the weak intramolecular charge‐transfer effect, these polymers exhibit large optical bandgaps (>2.0 eV). Among these three polymers, PBDTT1Cl exhibits more ordered and closer molecular stacking, and its devices demonstrate higher and more balanced charge mobilities and a longer charge‐separated state lifetime. As a result of these comprehensive benefits, PBDTT1Cl‐based OSCs give a very impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.10% with a low nonradiative energy loss (0.19 eV). Moreover, PBDTT1Cl also possesses a low figure‐of‐merit value and good universality to match with different acceptors. This work provides a simply and efficient strategy to design low‐cost high‐performance polymer donor materials.
Three D–D type wide‐bandgap donor polymers (PBDTT, PBDTT1Cl, and PBDTT2Cl) are designed and facilely synthesized. Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on PBDTT1Cl exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 17% and a low nonradiative energy loss of 0.19 eV. In addition, PBDTT1Cl has a very low figure‐of‐merit and good universality, indicating its potential as a low‐cost polymer donor for high‐performance OSCs.
This commentary is on the original articles by Palacios‐Ceña et al. and Robertson et al. on pages 195–205 and 206–215 of this issue.
Chinese translation of this Commentary is available in the online ...issue.
In recent years, applications of cold plasma treatments have shown high efficiency in sterilization of fresh fruit and vegetables. With encouraging results, development of this technique focuses on ...influences of cold plasma on the quality attributes of these fresh produce. More studies found that the quality attributes are maintained in an acceptable range or can even be improved under certain plasma treatment conditions. This review provides an overview of the multiple effects of cold plasma on the fresh produce, in terms of physical, chemical and physiological aspects. Besides, the possible mechanisms of how plasma influences these quality attributes is elaborated, which is useful for further modification and improvement of the plasma technology, so that quality enhancement and shelf life extension can be achieved. Future trends in the development of cold plasma technology are also presented. Cold plasma treatment is a potential technology for treating fresh fruit and vegetables to enhance their quality and extend their shelf life. However, knowledge of the effects of cold plasma on the quality changes of fresh fruit and vegetables is still limited. Therefore, there is a need for future studies to understand the mechanisms of plasma effects on controlling the interactions between plasma and food products in order to realize the early adoption of the technology to the food industry.
This review seeks to provide a timely survey of the scope and limitations of cheminformatics methods in natural product‐based drug discovery. Following an overview of data resources of chemical, ...biological and structural information on natural products, we discuss, among other aspects, in silico methods for (i) data curation and natural products dereplication, (ii) analysis, visualization, navigation and comparison of the chemical space, (iii) quantification of natural product‐likeness, (iv) prediction of the bioactivities (virtual screening, target prediction), ADME and safety profiles (toxicity) of natural products, (v) natural products‐inspired de novo design and (vi) prediction of natural products prone to cause interference with biological assays. Among the many methods discussed are rule‐based, similarity‐based, shape‐based, pharmacophore‐based and network‐based approaches, docking and machine learning methods.
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