Many artificial intelligence (AI) edge devices use nonvolatile memory (NVM) to store the weights for the neural network (trained off-line on an AI server), and require low-energy and fast I/O ...accesses. The deep neural networks (DNN) used by AI processors 1,2 commonly require p-layers of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and q-layers of a fully-connected network (FCN). Current DNN processors that use a conventional (von-Neumann) memory structure are limited by high access latencies, I/O energy consumption, and hardware costs. Large working data sets result in heavy accesses across the memory hierarchy, moreover large amounts of intermediate data are also generated due to the large number of multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations for both CNN and FCN. Even when binary-based DNN 3 are used, the required CNN and FCN operations result in a major memory I/O bottleneck for AI edge devices.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents up to 20% of all breast cancers. This cancer lacks the expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor ...receptor 2. The current therapeutic strategy for patients with this subtype is the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgery. Luteolin is a natural herbal flavonoid and a potential therapeutic candidate for multiple diseases. The use of a treatment that combines Chinese herbal medicine and western medicine is rising in Asia.
The present study evaluates the effects and molecular mechanisms involved with luteolin treatment and evaluates whether this herb affects androgen receptor-positive breast cancer cell proliferation or metastasis.
In vitro evaluation of the effect of luteolin on androgen receptor-positive TNBC cell proliferation and metastasis
Cell viability analysis was used for the cytotoxicity test. Colony formation and Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining-based proliferation experiments were used for cell proliferation. Wound healing and transwell assays were used for in vitro migration/invasion. The RT-qPCR analysis was used for gene expression. Furthermore, ChIP-qPCR analysis was used for epigenetic modification of gene promoters.
Luteolin significantly inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of androgen receptor-positive TNBC. Furthermore, luteolin inactivated the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The combination of luteolin and inhibitors of AKT/mTOR synergistically repressed an androgen receptor-positive TNBC cell proliferation and metastasis. Luteolin also downregulated MMP9 expression by decreasing the levels of the AKT/mTOR promoting H3K27Ac and H3K56A on the MMP9 promoter region.
Our findings indicate that luteolin inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of androgen receptor-positive TNBC by regulating MMP9 expression through a reduction in the levels of AKT/mTOR-inducing H3K27Ac and H3K56Ac.
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1/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{f} </tex-math></inline-formula> noise is characterized on thick and thin-gate oxide-based FinFETs for different channel lengths. The devices exhibit ...gate bias dependence in 1/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{f} </tex-math></inline-formula> noise even in the weak-inversion region of operation which cannot be explained by the existing flicker noise model. We attribute this phenomenon to the non-uniform oxide-trap distribution in energy or space. Based on our characterization results for n- and p-channel FinFETs, we have improved the BSIM-CMG industry standard compact model for the FinFETs. The improved model is able to capture the 1/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{f} </tex-math></inline-formula> noise behavior over a wide range of biases, channel lengths, fin numbers, and number of fingers.
Long-term poor glycemic control negatively affects macrovascular and microvascular diseases, as well as wound restoration. Buckwheat is a good source of rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutoside) and has ...benefits in regulating blood sugar. This study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rutin on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal (NDM), hyperglycemic (DM), and hyperglycemic with rutin (DMR). After induction of hyperglycemia for 2 days, a 15 × 15 mm wound was induced on the back of each rat. Intraperitoneal injection of rutin significantly ameliorated diabetes-induced body weight loss and improved metabolic dysfunctions of hyperglycemic rats. Based on appearance and histopathological staining, rutin promotes wound healing and inhibits production of inflammatory cells. The immunoblotting data indicated that rutin promotes production of antioxidant enzymes induced by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), inhibits the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulated by NF-κB, and decreases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It also promotes the expression of neurogenic-related protein (UCH-L1). The aforementioned results indicated that rutin reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in hyperglycemic rats, promoting wound healing and subsequently reducing the risk of wound ulcers.
•The anode-less NMC111 lithium battery has the potential for high energy density application under room temperature and normal pressure conditions.•An anode-less NMC111 GPE lithium battery has a ...sufficient discharge capacity of 0.935 mAh/cm2 and exhibited capacity retention of 86.1% after 30 cycles of the charge–discharge test.•Aluminum serving as the main anode current collector can increase the energy density of the battery.
The anode-less lithium battery with the structure of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2, NMC111) /gel polymer electrolyte (GPE)/silver (Ag)/ conductive carbon black (CCB) coated aluminum current collectors has been proposed for high energy density in this research. The results indicate that the anode-less lithium battery on Ag/CCB-coated aluminum current collector has a sufficient discharge capacity of 0.935 mAh/cm2 and exhibited capacity retention of 86.1 % after 30 cycles of the charge–discharge test. This 1st lower coulombic efficiency (discharge capacity/charge capacity × 100 %) only goes to 46.8 % due to the Li-Al alloying reaction, and part of the lithium ions reacted with the GPE, CCB, and aluminum current collector during the 1st cycle of the anode-less NMC111 lithium battery. These accompanying reactions consumed the Li ions and resulted in the irreversible capacity in the 1st cycle. However, the coulombic efficiency has increased to about 96.2 % after the 1st cycle test. This result indicates that most of the charge–discharge cycles reacted in a reversible capacity, and the anode-less NMC111 lithium battery has the potential for high energy density application.
This article presents a low-power, high-speed smart vision sensor for motion detection (MD) that realizes in-pixel frame-difference (FD) operation using a global shutter mechanism. A ping-pong ...pulse-width-modulation (PWM) pixel is proposed to achieve the consecutive event frame report with a balanced signal transfer function of successive FD operations. Three operating modes were implemented for varied application scenarios, such as image capture (IC) mode to capture a raw image, FD mode for MD, and saliency detection (SD) mode for low-resolution sub-block event counting. A 0.8 V 64 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 64 vision sensor prototype was fabricated and verified in TSMC 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> standard CMOS technology. In IC mode, it consumed 71.2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula>@360fps with an achieved iFoM of 48.3 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {pJ/pixel}\cdot \text {frame} </tex-math></inline-formula>. In FD mode, it consumed 74.4 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula>@510fps with full-resolution (64 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 64) event reporting and achieved iFoMs of 35.6 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {pJ/pixel}\cdot \text {frame} </tex-math></inline-formula>. In SD mode, it consumed 121.6 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula>@890fps with block-level (8 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 8) saliency reporting and achieved iFoMs of 2.1 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text {nJ/block}\cdot \text {frame} </tex-math></inline-formula>.
Chronic exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is responsible for skin ageing, which includes degradation of the epidermal and dermal layers. Filtering UV light is key in the sunscreen ...industry. We studied the effects of organic UV filters on hyaluronan (HA) metabolism and skin hydration in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The gene expression of HA receptors, HA synthase (HAS), hyaluronidase (HYAL), and water channel aquaporin 3 (AQP3) was evaluated by quantitative RT–PCR. The state of oxidative stress was determined by measuring the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results showed that five organic UV filters reduced the extracellular contents of HA, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor partially restored the decreased HA levels after octinoxate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone treatment. The expression levels of HA receptors, including cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM), and toll-like receptors (TLRs), were determined. Avobenzone, octinoxate, oxybenzone, and padimate O exerted inhibitory effects on RHAMM expression. Oxybenzone led to a significant increase in CD44 and AQP3 expression. Both octinoxate and octocrylene increased TLR4 expression but decreased ROS accumulation by activating the PI3K pathway. However, the organic UV filters differentially regulated the mRNA expression of HAS and HYAL. Taken together, these results suggest that certain organic UV filters regulate HA metabolism in human keratinocytes in a PI3K pathway-dependent manner.
•Avobenzone enhanced aquaporin 3 expression and have the potential to maintain skin hydration.•Octinaxate promoted toll-like receptor 4 expression and decreased intracellular oxidative stress.•Octocrylene repressed aquaporin 3 expression and intracellular oxidative stress.•Oxybenzone increased hyaluronidases, aquaporin 3, and CD44 expression.•Octinoxate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone decreased hyaluronan production through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway.
The maintenance of uric acid levels is crucial for the human body. In this study, the feasibility of using portable ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry to measure the uric acid of spot urine without ...the need to add reagents has been demonstrated for the first time. UV spectral analysis has been used to inspect the uric acid concentration in urine. It is found that the absorption spectrum of urine has a high correlation with the concentration of uric acid at a wavelength of around 290-300 nm. Uric acid levels measured with a spectral analyzer compared to uric acid concentrations measured with a traditional biochemical analysis showed good agreement. The portable prototype is label-free and capable of displaying the inspection result of each measurement within 10 s. In the long run, this device can assist people in checking uric acid levels of spot urine with higher frequency and can adjust diet or medication in real time for more efficient health management.
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Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. NSCLC patients with overexpressed or mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related ...to disease progression are treated with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Acquired drug resistance after TKI treatments has been a major focus for development of NSCLC therapies. This study aimed to establish afatinib-resistant cell lines from which afatinib resistance-associated genes are identified and the underlying mechanisms of multiple-TKI resistance in NSCLC can be further investigated. Nude mice bearing subcutaneous NSCLC HCC827 tumors were administered with afatinib at different dose intensities (5–100 mg/kg). We established three HCC827 sublines resistant to afatinib (IC50 > 1 μM) with cross-resistance to gefitinib (IC50 > 5 μM). cDNA microarray revealed several of these sublines shared 27 up- and 13 down-regulated genes. The mRNA expression of selective novel genes — such as transmembrane 4 L six family member 19 (TM4SF19), suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) — are responsive to afatinib treatments only at high concentrations. Furthermore, c-MET amplification and activations of a subset of tyrosine kinase receptors were observed in all three resistant cells. PHA665752, a c-MET inhibitor, remarkably increased the sensitivity of these resistant cells to afatinib (IC50 = 12–123 nM). We established afatinib-resistant lung cancer cell lines and here report genes associated with afatinib resistance in human NSCLC. These cell lines and the identified genes serve as useful investigational tools, prognostic biomarkers of TKI therapies, and promising molecule targets for development of human NSCLC therapeutics.
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