There have been continuous efforts to seek novel functional two-dimensional semiconductors with high performance for future applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we ...introduce a successful experimental approach to fabricate monolayer phosphorene by mechanical cleavage and a subsequent Ar＊ plasma thinning process. The thickness of phosphorene is unambiguously determined by optical contrast spectra combined with atomic force microscopy （AFM）. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the pristine and plasma-treated samples. The Raman frequency of the A2g mode stiffens, and the intensity ratio of A2g to Alg modes shows a monotonic discrete increase with the decrease of phosphorene thickness down to a monolayer. All those phenomena can be used to identify the thickness of this novel two-dimensional semiconductor. This work on monolayer phosphorene fabrication and thickness determination will facilitate future research on phosphorene.
Lithium metal has gravimetric capacity ∼10× that of graphite which incentivizes rechargeable Li metal batteries (RLMB) development. A key factor that limits practical use of RLMB is morphological ...instability of Li metal anode upon electrodeposition, reflected by the uncontrolled area growth of solid–electrolyte interphase that traps cyclable Li, quantified by the Coulombic inefficiency (CI). Here we show that CI decreases approximately exponentially with increasing donatable fluorine concentration of the electrolyte. By using up to 7 m of Li bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in fluoroethylene carbonate, where both the solvent and the salt donate F, we can significantly suppress anode porosity and improve the Coulombic efficiency to 99.64%. The electrolyte demonstrates excellent compatibility with 5-V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O₄ cathode and Al current collector beyond 5 V. As a result, an RLMB full cell with only 1.4× excess lithium as the anode was demonstrated to cycle above 130 times, at industrially significant loading of 1.83 mAh/cm² and 0.36 C. This is attributed to the formation of a protective LiF nanolayer, which has a wide bandgap, high surface energy, and small Burgers vector, making it ductile at room temperature and less likely to rupture in electrodeposition.
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs ...and long noncoding RNAs, play a pivotal role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Under force stimuli, mechanosensitive ncRNAs with altered expression levels transduce mechanical load to modulate intracellular genes. These ncRNAs regulate the biomechanical responses of periodontium in the catabolic, anabolic, and coupling phases throughout OTM. To achieve this, down or upregulated ncRNAs actively participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, inflammatory, immune, and neurovascular responses. This review highlights the regulatory mechanism of fine-tuning ncRNAs in periodontium remodeling during OTM, laying the foundation for safe, precise, and personalized orthodontic treatment.
Solid-state lithium metal batteries require accommodation of electrochemically generated mechanical stress inside the lithium: this stress can be
up to 1 gigapascal for an overpotential of ...135 millivolts. Maintaining the mechanical and electrochemical stability of the solid structure despite physical contact with moving corrosive lithium metal is a demanding requirement. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy, we investigated the deposition and stripping of metallic lithium or sodium held within a large number of parallel hollow tubules made of a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC). Here we show that these alkali metals-as single crystals-can grow out of and retract inside the tubules via mainly diffusional Coble creep along the MIEC/metal phase boundary. Unlike solid electrolytes, many MIECs are electrochemically stable in contact with lithium (that is, there is a direct tie-line to metallic lithium on the equilibrium phase diagram), so this Coble creep mechanism can effectively relieve stress, maintain electronic and ionic contacts, eliminate solid-electrolyte interphase debris, and allow the reversible deposition/stripping of lithium across a distance of 10 micrometres for 100 cycles. A centimetre-wide full cell-consisting of approximately 10
MIEC cylinders/solid electrolyte/LiFePO
-shows a high capacity of about 164 milliampere hours per gram of LiFePO
, and almost no degradation for over 50 cycles, starting with a 1× excess of Li. Modelling shows that the design is insensitive to MIEC material choice with channels about 100 nanometres wide and 10-100 micrometres deep. The behaviour of lithium metal within the MIEC channels suggests that the chemical and mechanical stability issues with the metal-electrolyte interface in solid-state lithium metal batteries can be overcome using this architecture.
This paper is concerned with the existence of mild solutions for a class of impulsive fractional partial semilinear differential equations. Some errors in Mophou (2010)
2 are corrected, and some ...previous results are generalized.
Abstract
The practical application of room-temperature Na-S batteries is hindered by the low sulfur utilization, inadequate rate capability and poor cycling performance. To circumvent these issues, ...here, we propose an electrocatalyst composite material comprising of N-doped nanocarbon and Fe
3
N. The multilayered porous network of the carbon accommodates large amounts of sulfur, decreases the detrimental effect of volume expansion, and stabilizes the electrodes structure during cycling. Experimental and theoretical results testify the Fe
3
N affinity to sodium polysulfides via Na-N and Fe-S bonds, leading to strong adsorption and fast dissociation of sodium polysulfides. With a sulfur content of 85 wt.%, the positive electrode tested at room-temperature in non-aqueous Na metal coin cell configuration delivers a reversible capacity of about 1165 mA h g
−1
at 167.5 mA g
−1
, satisfactory rate capability and stable capacity of about 696 mA h g
−1
for 2800 cycles at 8375 mA g
−1
.
Purpose: To assess the influence of liquid attached on the tooth surfaces on the accuracy (trueness and precision) of intraoral scanners and the effectiveness of the drying method (using compression ...air) to exclude the influence of liquid on the scanning results.
Materials and methods: A mandibular jaw model was scanned using an industrial computed tomography scanner to obtain a reference model. A scanning platform was designed to simulate three specific tooth surface states (dry, wet, blow‐dry). Two kinds of liquids (ultra‐pure water and artificial saliva) were used for the test. Two intraoral scanners (Trios 3 and Primescan) were used to scan the mandibular jaw model 10 times under each condition. All scanning data were processed and analyzed using dedicated software (Geomagic Control 2015). Trueness and precision comparison were conducted within the 12 groups of 3D models divided based on different intraoral scanners and liquids used under each condition. The root mean square (RMS) value was used to indicate the difference between the aligned virtual models. The color maps were used to evaluate and observe the deviation distribution patterns. The 3‐way ANOVA (condition, intraoral scanner, liquid) followed by the Tukey test were used to assess precision and trueness. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Results: The mean RMS values obtained from wet condition were significantly higher than those of the dry and blow‐dry condition (p < 0.001, F = 64.033 for trueness and F = 54.866 for precision), which indicates less accurate trueness and precision for wet condition. For two different types of liquids, the mean RMS value was not significantly different on trueness and precision. The deviations caused by liquid were positive and mainly distributed in the pits and fissures of the occlusal surface of posterior teeth, the interproximal area of the teeth, and the margin of the abutments.
Conclusions: Liquid on the tooth surface could affect intraoral scanning accuracy. Blow‐drying with a three‐way syringe can reduce scanning errors.
By a novel in situ chemical vapor deposition, activated N-doped hollow carbon-nanotube/carbon-nanofiber composites are prepared having a superhigh specific Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area ...of 1840 m2 g–1 and a total pore volume of 1.21 m3 g–1. As an anode, this material has a reversible capacity of ∼1150 mAh g–1 at 0.1 A g–1 (0.27 C) after 70 cycles. At 8 A g–1 (21.5 C), a capacity of ∼320 mAh g–1 fades less than 20% after 3500 cycles, which makes it a superior anode material for a Li-ion battery .
Partially graphitic hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber is prepared via electrospinning, pyrolysis, activation and acid treatment of the nascent fiber. The ameliorating structural features of the ...as-obtained carbon nanofiber, such as a relatively high graphitic degree, a high specific surface area and a large pore volume with hierarchical porous structure, acted synergistically, resulting in excellent electrochemical properties. When applied in supercapacitors, the obtained sample delivers a high specific capacitance of 287 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, a high rate capacitance of 196 F g−1 at 100 A g−1 and a high capacity retention of 95.4% at 5 A g−1 after 10,000 cycles. When used as an anode for lithium ion batteries, the prepared electrodes display an exceptionally high reversible capacity of 1495 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, superior cycle stability and an outstanding high-rate capacity of 391 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 for 1100 cycles. These values demonstrate the superiority of partially graphitic hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber as bi-functional electrodes in supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries with outstanding performance.
•A partially graphitic hierarchical porous CNF was synthesized.•It owns ultra-high specific surface area of 2721 m2 g−1.•It shows excellent electrochemical performances as bi-functional electrode.
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