The laurel family within the Magnoliids has attracted attentions owing to its scents, variable inflorescences, and controversial phylogenetic position. Here, we present a chromosome-level assembly of ...the Litsea cubeba genome, together with low-coverage genomic and transcriptomic data for many other Lauraceae. Phylogenomic analyses show phylogenetic discordance at the position of Magnoliids, suggesting incomplete lineage sorting during the divergence of monocots, eudicots, and Magnoliids. An ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) event occurred just before the divergence of Laurales and Magnoliales; subsequently, independent WGDs occurred almost simultaneously in the three Lauralean lineages. The phylogenetic relationships within Lauraceae correspond to the divergence of inflorescences, as evidenced by the phylogeny of FUWA, a conserved gene involved in determining panicle architecture in Lauraceae. Monoterpene synthases responsible for production of specific volatile compounds in Lauraceae are functionally verified. Our work sheds light on the evolution of the Lauraceae, the genetic basis for floral evolution and specific scents.
The exploration of new efficient OER electrocatalysts based on nonprecious metals and the understanding of the relationship between activity and structure of electrocatalysts are important to advance ...electrochemical water oxidation. Herein, we developed an efficient OER electrocatalyst with nickel boride (Ni3B) nanoparticles as cores and nickel(II) borate (Ni‐Bi) as shells (Ni‐Bi@NB) via a very simple and facile aqueous reaction. This electrocatalyst exhibited a small overpotential of 302 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 52 mV dec−1. More interestingly, it was found that the OER activity of Ni‐Bi@NB was closely dependent on the crystallinity of the Ni‐Bi shells. The partially crystalline Ni‐Bi catalyst exhibited much higher activity than the amorphous or crystalline analogues; this higher activity originated from the enhanced intrinsic activity of the catalytic sites. These findings open up opportunities to explore nickel(II) borates as a new class of efficient nonprecious metal OER electrocatalysts, and to improve the electrocatalyst performance by modulating their crystallinity.
A new winner! Crystallinity‐dependent activity was demonstrated on a new efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) which consists of a nickel(II) borate thin layer on nickel boride (NB) nanoparticles (Ni‐Bi@NB) (see figure). The partially crystalline Ni‐Bi catalyst exhibits excellent OER performance.
Achieving white‐light emission, especially white circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from a single‐phase material is challenging. Herein, a pair of chiral CuI coordination polymers (1‐M and 1‐P) ...have been prepared by the asymmetrical assembly of achiral ligands and Cu2I2 clusters. The compounds display dual emission bands and can be used as single‐phase white‐light phosphors, achieving a “warm”‐white‐light‐emitting diode with an ultra‐high color rendering index (CRI) of 93.4 and an appropriate correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3632 K. Meanwhile, corresponding CPL signals with maximum dissymmetry factor |glum|=8×10−3 have been observed. Hence, intrinsic white‐light emission and CPL have been realized simultaneously in coordination polymers for the first time. This work gains insight into the nature of chiral assembly from achiral units and offers a prospect for the development of single‐phase white‐CPL materials.
A pair of chiral CuI coordination polymers (1‐P/M) were produced from achiral precursors by crystallization‐driven symmetry‐breaking assembly. The enantiomers feature unique helical layered structures and tunable dual‐emission photoluminescence, achieving intrinsic “warm”‐white emitting with an ultra‐high color rendering index (93.4) and circularly polarized luminescence with a remarkable dissymmetry factor (8×10−3) simultaneously.
Macrophages in a tumor microenvironment have been characterized as M1- and M2-polarized subtypes. Here, we discovered the different macrophages' impacts on lung cancer cell A549. The M2a/M2c subtypes ...promoted A549 invasion and xenograft tumor growth. The M1 subtype suppressed angiogenesis. M1 enhanced the sensitivity of A549 to cisplatin and decreased the tube formation activity and cell viability of A549 cells by inducing apoptosis and senescence. Different macrophage subtypes regulated genes involved in the immune response, cytoskeletal remodeling, coagulation, cell adhesion, and apoptosis pathways in A549 cells, which was a pattern that correlated with the altered behaviors of the A549 cells. Furthermore, we found that the identified M1/M2 gene signatures were significantly correlated with the extended overall survival of lung cancer patients. These results suggest that M1/M2 gene expression signature may be used as a prognostic indicator for lung cancer patients, and M1/M2 polarization may be a target of investigation of immune-modulating therapies for lung cancer in the future.
A binder‐free efficient MoNi4/MoO3‐x nanorod array electrode with 3D open structure is developed by using Ni foam as both scaffold and Ni source to form NiMoO4 precursor, followed by subsequent ...annealing in a reduction atmosphere. It is discovered that the self‐templated conversion of NiMoO4 into MoNi4 nanocrystals and MoO3‐x as dual active components dramatically boosts the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Benefiting from high intrinsic activity, high electrochemical surface area, 3D open network, and improved electron transport, the resulting MoNi4/MoO3‐x electrode exhibits a remarkable HER activity with extremely low overpotentials of 17 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 114 mV at 500 mA cm−2, as well as a superior durability in alkaline medium. The water–alkali electrolyzer using MoNi4/MoO3‐x as cathode achieves stable overall water splitting with a small cell voltage of 1.6 V at 30 mA cm−2. These findings may inspire the exploration of cost‐effective and efficient electrodes by in situ integrating multiple highly active components on 3D platform with open conductive network for practical hydrogen production.
A MoNi4/MoO3‐x nanorod array with dual active components is developed by self‐templated conversion from NiMoO4 host nanorods, which exhibits boosted activity and remarkable durability for hydrogen evolution with extremely low overpotential of 114 mV at 500 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH. The assembled water–alkali electrolyzer outputs a current density of 30 mA cm−2 at 1.6 V over long‐term operation.
Developing bifunctional efficient and durable non-noble electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly desirable and challenging for overall ...water splitting. Herein, Co–Mn carbonate hydroxide (CoMnCH) nanosheet arrays with controllable morphology and composition were developed on nickel foam (NF) as such a bifunctional electrocatalyst. It is discovered that Mn doping in CoCH can simultaneously modulate the nanosheet morphology to significantly increase the electrochemical active surface area for exposing more accessible active sites and tune the electronic structure of Co center to effectively boost its intrinsic activity. As a result, the optimized Co1Mn1CH/NF electrode exhibits unprecedented OER activity with an ultralow overpotential of 294 mV at 30 mA cm–2, compared with all reported metal carbonate hydroxides. Benefited from 3D open nanosheet array topographic structure with tight contact between nanosheets and NF, it is able to deliver a high and stable current density of 1000 mA cm–2 at only an overpotential of 462 mV with no interference from high-flux oxygen evolution. Despite no reports about effective HER on metal carbonate hydroxides yet, the small overpotential of 180 mV at 10 mA cm–2 for HER can be also achieved on Co1Mn1CH/NF by the dual modulation of Mn doping. This offers a two-electrode electrolyzer using bifunctional Co1Mn1CH/NF as both anode and cathode to perform stable overall water splitting with a cell voltage of only 1.68 V at 10 mA cm–2. These findings may open up opportunities to explore other multimetal carbonate hydroxides as practical bifunctional electrocatalysts for scale-up water electrolysis.
Abstract
Genome organization is driven by forces affecting transcriptional state, but the relationship between transcription and genome architecture remains unclear. Here, we identified the
...Drosophila
transcription factor Motif 1 Binding Protein (M1BP) in physical association with the
gypsy
chromatin insulator core complex, including the universal insulator protein CP190. M1BP is required for enhancer-blocking and barrier activities of the
gypsy
insulator as well as its proper nuclear localization. Genome-wide, M1BP specifically colocalizes with CP190 at Motif 1-containing promoters, which are enriched at topologically associating domain (TAD) borders. M1BP facilitates CP190 chromatin binding at many shared sites and vice versa. Both factors promote Motif 1-dependent gene expression and transcription near TAD borders genome-wide. Finally, loss of M1BP reduces chromatin accessibility and increases both inter- and intra-TAD local genome compaction. Our results reveal physical and functional interaction between CP190 and M1BP to activate transcription at TAD borders and mediate chromatin insulator-dependent genome organization.
Space charge transfer of heterostructures driven by the work‐function‐induced built‐in field can regulate the electronic structure of catalysts and boost the catalytic activity. Herein, an epitaxial ...heterojunction catalyst of CoO/Mo2C with interfacial electron redistribution induced by work functions (WFs) is constructed for overall water splitting via a novel top‐down strategy. Theoretical simulations and experimental results unveil that the WFs‐induced built‐in field facilitates the electron transfer from CoO to Mo2C through the formed “Co─C─Mo” bond at the interface of CoO/Mo2C, achieving interfacial electron redistribution, further optimizing the Gibbs free energy of primitive reaction step and then accelerating kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As expected, the CoO/Mo2C with interfacial effects exhibits excellent HER catalytic activity with only needing the overpotential of 107 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 and stability for a 60‐h continuous catalyzing. Besides, the assembled CoO/Mo2C behaves the outstanding performance toward overall water splitting (1.58 V for 10 mA cm−2). This work provides a novel possibility of designing materials based on interfacial effects arising from the built‐in field for application in other fields.
Heterostructure CoO/Mo2C catalysts are designed and developed via a novel top‐down strategy for overall water splitting in alkaline electrolytes, where electron transfer from CoO to Mo2C at the interface driven by built‐in field induced by the work function optimizes the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediate and enhances the catalytic activity.
Constituting approximately 10% of flowering plant species, orchids (Orchidaceae) display unique flower morphologies, possess an extraordinary diversity in lifestyle, and have successfully colonized ...almost every habitat on Earth. Here we report the draft genome sequence of Apostasia shenzhenica, a representative of one of two genera that form a sister lineage to the rest of the Orchidaceae, providing a reference for inferring the genome content and structure of the most recent common ancestor of all extant orchids and improving our understanding of their origins and evolution. In addition, we present transcriptome data for representatives of Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae and Orchidoideae, and novel third-generation genome data for two species of Epidendroideae, covering all five orchid subfamilies. A. shenzhenica shows clear evidence of a whole-genome duplication, which is shared by all orchids and occurred shortly before their divergence. Comparisons between A. shenzhenica and other orchids and angiosperms also permitted the reconstruction of an ancestral orchid gene toolkit. We identify new gene families, gene family expansions and contractions, and changes within MADS-box gene classes, which control a diverse suite of developmental processes, during orchid evolution. This study sheds new light on the genetic mechanisms underpinning key orchid innovations, including the development of the labellum and gynostemium, pollinia, and seeds without endosperm, as well as the evolution of epiphytism; reveals relationships between the Orchidaceae subfamilies; and helps clarify the evolutionary history of orchids within the angiosperms.
The Phalaenopsis orchid produces complex flowers that are commercially valuable, which has promoted the study of its flower development. E‐class MADS‐box genes, SEPALLATA (SEP), combined with B‐, C‐ ...and D‐class MADS‐box genes, are involved in various aspects of plant development, such as floral meristem determination, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation and plant architecture. Four SEP‐like genes were cloned from Phalaenopsis orchid, and the duplicated PeSEPs were grouped into PeSEP1/3 and PeSEP2/4. All PeSEPs were expressed in all floral organs. PeSEP2 expression was detectable in vegetative tissues. The study of protein–protein interactions suggested that PeSEPs may form higher order complexes with the B‐, C‐, D‐class and AGAMOUS LIKE6‐related MADS‐box proteins to determine floral organ identity. The tepal became a leaf‐like organ when PeSEP3 was silenced by virus‐induced silencing, with alterations in epidermis identity and contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Silencing of PeSEP2 had minor effects on the floral phenotype. Silencing of the E‐class genes PeSEP2 and PeSEP3 resulted in the downregulation of B‐class PeMADS2‐6 genes, which indicates an association of PeSEP functions and B‐class gene expression. These findings reveal the important roles of PeSEP in Phalaenopsis floral organ formation throughout the developmental process by the formation of various multiple protein complexes.
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