Detrimental to individuals and society, online hateful messages have recently become a major social issue. Among them, one new type of hateful message, “hateful meme”, has emerged and brought ...difficulties in traditional deep learning-based detection. Because hateful memes were formatted with both text captions and images to express users’ intents, they cannot be accurately identified by singularly analyzing embedded text captions or images. In order to effectively detect a hateful meme, the algorithm must possess strong vision and language fusion capability. In this study, we move closer to this goal by feeding a triplet by stacking the visual features, object tags, and text features of memes generated by the object detection model named Visual features in Vision-Language (VinVl) and the optical character recognition (OCR) technology into a Transformer-based Vision-Language Pre-Training Model (VL-PTM) OSCAR+ to perform the cross-modal learning of memes. After fine-tuning and connecting to a random forest (RF) classifier, our model (OSCAR+RF) achieved an average accuracy and AUROC of 0.684 and 0.768, respectively, on the hateful meme detection task in a public test set, which was higher than the other eleven (11) published baselines. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that VL-PTMs with the addition of anchor points can improve the performance of deep learning-based detection of hateful memes by involving a more substantial alignment between the text caption and visual information.
In this paper, we study multi-dimensional reflected backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) with diagonally quadratic generators. Using the comparison theorem for diagonally quadratic ...BSDEs established recently in Luo (Disc Contin Dyn Syst 41(6):2543–2557, 2021), we obtain the existence and uniqueness of a solution by a penalization method. Moreover, we provide a comparison theorem.
Abstract Immunosuppression and malnutrition play pivotal roles in the complications of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and are intricately linked to the development of stroke-associated pneumonia ...(SAP). Inflammatory markers, including NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), SII (systemic immune inflammation index), SIRI (systemic inflammatory response index), and SIS (systemic inflammation score), along with nutritional indexes such as CONUT (controlling nutritional status) and PNI (prognostic nutritional index), are crucial indicators influencing the inflammatory state following ICH. In this study, our objective was to compare the predictive efficacy of inflammatory and nutritional indices for SAP in ICH patients, aiming to determine and explore their clinical utility in early pneumonia detection. Patients with severe ICH requiring ICU admission were screened from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. The outcomes included the occurrence of SAP and in-hospital death. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, multivariate logistic regression, smooth curve analysis, and stratified analysis were employed to investigate the relationship between the CONUT index and the clinical outcomes of patients with severe ICH. A total of 348 patients were enrolled in the study. The incidence of SAP was 21.3%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 17.0%. Among these indicators, multiple regression analysis revealed that CONUT, PNI, and SIRI were independently associated with SAP. Further ROC curve analysis demonstrated that CONUT (AUC 0.6743, 95% CI 0.6079–0.7408) exhibited the most robust predictive ability for SAP in patients with ICH. Threshold analysis revealed that when CONUT < 6, an increase of 1 point in CONUT was associated with a 1.39 times higher risk of SAP. Similarly, our findings indicate that CONUT has the potential to predict the prognosis of patients with ICH. Among the inflammatory and nutritional markers, CONUT stands out as the most reliable predictor of SAP in patients with ICH. Additionally, it proves to be a valuable indicator for assessing the prognosis of patients with ICH.
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Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) exhibits two different Ni/Mn arrangements, i.e., the Ni/Mn ordered P4332 phase and disordered Fd-3m phase. It has been found that the Ni/Mn disorder is ...correlated with the formation of oxygen vacancies, nevertheless the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that formation of 1:3 ordered Ni2+ and Mn4+ ions is energetically favorable compared to the disordered Ni3+ and Mn3+ ions caused by Ni aggregation in the stoichiometric P4332 phase. However, in oxygen deficient LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−δ, the oxygen vacancies tend to diminish the valence discrepancy between the Ni aggregated and the ordered P4332 phases, making the former energetically competitive and consequently resulting in the disordered Ni/Mn distribution. Understanding the origin of Ni/Mn disorder also sheds light on the cation doping effect. Calculations show that Mg2+ ion tends to replace Ni2+ ion in ordered P4332 phase, and maintaining the Ni/Mn order. By contrast, Al doping promotes the Ni/Mn disorder, as Al3+ ion prefers to substitute for Ni3+ and Mn3+ ions emerged in Ni/Mn disordered structure. Our findings rationalize the experimental observations, and further reveal that Ni/Mn arrangement could be controlled by adjusting the electronic structure of spinel LNMO system.
Antibiotics have been widely detected in the water environment and thus pose a potential threat to human health. Although antibiotics have health-promoting properties, whether and how they affect ...health at environmental concentrations remains uncharacterised. We detected antibiotics in surface water and groundwater in China. Sulfonamides (851 ng/L) and tetracyclines (1322 ng/L) showed the highest concentrations in surface water, while the highest concentration of sulfonamides detected in groundwater was 250 ng/L. We analysed the distribution of four classes of antibiotics (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones) and evaluated the associated health risks in the surface water of seven cities. We found that antibiotic pollution caused health risks to the 0–3-months age group, but not to other age groups. We further demonstrated that simulated long-term exposure to environmental concentrations of antibiotics had concentration-dependent toxic effects on L-02 hepatocytes, affected cell proliferation, and induced oxidative damage and DNA damage. Chronic exposure to mixed sulfonamides affected growth, caused liver damage, and reduced the abundance of intestinal flora in mice. Under exposure to antibiotics, the abundance of Helicobacter pylori in the gut flora significantly increased and posed a health risk to humans. These results indicated that exposure to antibiotics at environmental concentrations can cause oxidative damage and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. These findings add to the body of basic data on the distribution of antibiotics in the water environment, and provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of antibiotic toxicity.
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•Antibiotics exposure posed high health risks to children aged 0–3-months.•Sulfonamides exposure in vitro induced cell injury by oxidative damage in L-02 cells.•Chronic sulfonamides exposure induced liver oxidative damage and inflammation in mice.•Sulfonamides exposure may cause intestinal flora disorder and H. pylori abundance.
The nozzle of the fuel injector for the Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine exposing to high temperature combustion gas and soot makes it easier for deposits to accumulate on. Deposit formation in ...the injector orifice can both restrict the fuel flow and alter the spray characteristics of the injectors, and high levels of flow restriction and any level of spray distortion cannot be adequately controlled electronically. The decrease of the fuel flow rate results in the decrease of power, and the fuel spray pattern distortion influences combustion quality, which can lead to loss in power and fuel economy, as well as the increase of exhaust emissions. The present paper reports experimental investigation to the effects of deposits on spray behaviors of a six-hole GDI injector. The flow rate, spray angle, penetration distance and particle sizes of the sprays of several new GDI injectors at different injection pressure are compared with these of the injectors covered by deposits that have been used in a vehicle for 58 thousand kilometers. The results show that the flow rates of used injectors decrease by about 10%, the spray angles enlarge a little, and the penetration distance slightly decreases. Besides, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs of the orifice holes of used injectors were used to help to understand the results. Furthermore, the effect mechanism of deposits at different location on the GDI injector properties has been analyzed to deepen the comprehension on experimental findings.
This paper presents a locally resonant metamaterial periodically rearranged as a local resonator, that is hexagonal holes arranged in a thin plate replace the elastic local resonator to achieve the ...quantum valley Hall effect. Due to the C3v symmetry in the primitive hexagonal lattice, one Dirac point emerges at high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone in the sub-wavelength area. Rotating the beam element of the resonator can break the spatial inversion symmetry to lift the Dirac degeneracy and form a new bandgap. Thus, the band inversion is discovered by computing the relationship between the associated bandgap and the rotational parameter. We also confirmed this result by analyzing the vortex chirality and calculating the Chern number. We can discover two kinds of edge states in the projected band obtained by computing the supercell composed of different topological microstructures. Finally, the propagation behavior in various heterostructures at low frequencies was analyzed. It is shown that these valley Hall elastic insulators can guide elastic waves along sharp interfaces and are immune to backscattering from defects or disorder. By utilizing elastic resonators, a simple reconfigurable topological elastic metamaterial is realized in the sub-wavelength area.
Phishing attack is now a big threat to people's daily life and networking environment. Through disguising illegal URLs as legitimate ones, attackers can induce users to visit the phishing URLs to get ...private information and other benefits. Effective methods of detecting the phishing websites are urgently needed to alleviate the threats posed by the phishing attacks. As the active learning capability from massive data sets, the neural network is widely used to detect the phishing attacks. However, in the stage of training data sets, many useless and small influence features will trap the neural network model into the problem of over-fitting. This problem usually causes the trained model that cannot effectively detect phishing websites. In order to alleviate this problem, this paper proposes OFS-NN, an effective phishing websites detection model based on the optimal feature selection method and neural network. In the proposed OFS-NN, a new index, feature validity value (FVV), is first introduced to evaluate the impact of sensitive features on the phishing websites detection. Then, based on the new FVV index, an algorithm is designed to select the optimal features from the phishing websites. This algorithm is able to alleviate the over-fitting problem of the underlying neural network to a large extent. The selected optimal features are used to train the underlying neural network, and finally, an optimal classifier is constructed to detect the phishing websites. The experimental results show that the OFS-NN model is accurate and stable in detecting many types of phishing websites.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been linked with the gut-liver axis. Here, we investigate the potential for repurposing disulfiram (DSF), a drug commonly used to treat chronic alcoholism, for ...NASH. Using a mouse model, we show that DSF ameliorates NASH in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. DSF modulates the gut microbiota and directly inhibits the growth of Clostridium. Administration of Clostridium abolishes the ameliorating effects of DSF on NASH. Mechanistically, DSF reduces Clostridium-mediated 7α-dehydroxylation activity to suppress secondary bile acid biosynthesis, which in turn activates hepatic farnesoid X receptor signaling to ameliorate NASH. To assess the effect of DSF on human gut microbiota, we performed a self-controlled clinical trial (ChiCTR2100048035), including 23 healthy volunteers who received 250 mg-qd DSF for 7 days. The primary objective outcomes were to assess the effects of the intervention on the diversity, composition and functional profile of gut microbiota. The pilot study shows that DSF also reduces Clostridium-mediated 7α-dehydroxylation activity. All volunteers tolerated DSF well and there were no serious adverse events in the 7-day follow-up period. Transferring fecal microbiota obtained from DSF-treated humans into germ-free mice ameliorates NASH. Collectively, the observations of similar ameliorating effects of DSF on mice and humans suggest that DSF ameliorates NASH by modulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
Satellite HCHO data are widely used as a reliable proxy of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) to constrain underlying emissions and chemistry. Here, we examine global significant changes ...in HCHO columns at the early stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic (January–April 2020) compared with the same period in 2019 with observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). HCHO columns decline (11.0%) in the Northern China Plain (NCP) because of a combination of meteorological impacts, lower HCHO yields as NOx emission plunges (by 36.0%), and reduced NMVOC emissions (by 15.0%) resulting from the lockdown. HCHO columns change near Beijing (+8.4%) due mainly to elevated hydroxyl radical as NOx emission decreases in a NOx‐saturated regime. HCHO columns change in Australia (+17.5%), Northeastern Myanmar of Southeast Asia (+14.9%), Central Africa (+7.8%), and Central America (+18.9%), consistent with fire activities. Our work also points to other changes related to temperature and meteorological variations.
Plain Language Summary
We use satellite observations to examine global significant changes in HCHO columns at the early stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic compared with the same period in 2019. HCHO columns decreased in the Northern China Plain caused by a joint effect of meteorology, reduced anthropogenic NOx, and decreased non‐methane volatile organic compound emissions during the lockdown. The impact of temperature and meteorology on HCHO columns is observed in Northwestern China, India, Southern Africa, Eastern Brazil, Southern Cone, and Northeastern Thailand of Southeast Asia. Regional changes in Southeastern Australia, Northeastern Myanmar of Southeast Asia, Central Africa, and Central America are likely driven by open fire activities.
Key Points
We detect significant changes in HCHO columns worldwide at the early stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic
We see evidence of changing atmospheric oxidizing capacity and NMVOC emissions in the Northern China Plain due to the massive lockdown
Besides anthropogenic emission, temperature and open fires are vital factors dominating variations in HCHO columns
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