Resumen
Enquanto a maior parte da literatura sobre populações indígenas enfatiza o apego aos lugares, tomando qualquer movimento fora dos territórios tradicionais como uma perda de identidade, o caso ...da mobilidade das mulheres Tukano do Alto Rio Negro para a cidade de Manaus, no Brasil, ilustra a importância da mobilidade e agilidade, mais que permanência ou territorialidade, como importantes recursos. Fugindo de condições de trabalho forçado, as mulheres Tukano encontram na cidade vários meios de subsistência através de hábeis negociações de vários tipos. Este artigo revisa suas trajetórias urbanas, a partir da formação de uma organização sem fins lucrativos, a AMARN. Com base nesta associação, as mulheres encontram agência na criação de espacialidades que utilizam ao mesmo tempo a visibilidade do centro urbano e o anonimato da periferia. Ao defrontar‐se com os desafios da vida urbana, na cidade conhecida como a “Paris dos Trópicos”, as mulheres da AMARN direcionam ativamente sua própria existência.
While most literature on urbanization of indigenous peoples stresses attachment to place and individuation, rendering any movement away from home territories a form of identity loss, the migration of Tukanoan women to the Brazilian city of Manaus illustrates the importance of mobility, rather than emplacement, and collectivism, rather than individualism. Despite a project to abruptly acculturate the women away from their indigenous identities by placing them in the isolating and assimilating conditions of domestic servitude, the women instead found agency in the creation of new collectivities and spatialities, utilizing the hypervisibility and engagement of the city center as well as the anonymity and detachment of the periphery. Creatively negotiating relationships and iconicity in the city known as the “Paris of the Tropics,” the women drew upon tactical resources to overcome difficulties, in the process constructing new lives, new social formations, and new meanings. The article draws upon the case to make sense of a trajectory that is characterized by strategic enactments of mobility, collectivity, and artifice, to forge what may be called a “Direction of existence.”
Speakers of Wanano, an Eastern Tukanoan language, strategically combine the rhetorical dialogic device of reported speech, one type of "voicing," with choice of a grammatical evidential to indicate a ...speaker's relationship to the information conveyed, in order to expand available repertoires of knowledge, agency, and responsibility. By complicating the messaging through these means, the young women whose song is cited here demonstrate the nuanced and powerful mechanisms with which speakers may claim, deny, and otherwise orchestrate, their relationship to speech production. The example allows us to consider rhetorical choice, grammar, and speaker values within the larger schema of epistemological positioning to which the Wanano adhere, providing us with a Wanano ethnologic on speaking and knowledge. The paper takes up several themes suggested in the pioneering work of Jane Hill in her explorations of voicing, evidence, and responsibility.
This article considers ecotourism among the Kuna of the San Blas Archipelago in Panama, using the term I use the concept of islamiento to describe both 'isolation' and 'island-isation' as central ...metaphors to understand Kuna strategies in demarcating tourist and community spaces. The local autonomy exemplified by the Kuna in tourism is just one transformation of the way in which they utilise island configurations as a source of physical and ideological independence. While competition for resources between tourists, non-Kuna 'outsiders' and Kuna 'insiders' is common, pressures on local inhabitants, resources and the need for privacy and community life are exacerbated in island tourism. Through various mechanisms that turn the physical properties of the archipelago to their advantage, the Kuna limit the impacts of tourism on daily life and strengthen their autonomy.
Estrutura social do Uaupés Janet M. Chernela
Anuário antropológico,
01/2018, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um modelo coe' rente da estrutura social dos povos Tukano orientais que vivem na bacia do Rio Uaupés na Amazônia brasileira e colombiana. Como ocorre com outros ...sistemas sociais da América do Sul não andina, no Uaupés não existem genealogias profundas (Murphy 1979). Entretanto, o sistema do Uaupés difere de muitos sistemas sul-americanos por ser altamente estruturado, sendo a unilinearidade um dos vários princípios estruturais integradores. Embora os sistemas sociais dessa região tenham sido chamados de segmentários (vide, por exemplo, Jackson 1974), o presente trabalho pretende mostrar que esse termo não consegue caracterizar o sistema de maneira acurada, e que, além do mais, ignora outros princípios organizatórios essenciais que fazem dele um sistema sui generis.
The proliferation of a nongovernmental sector held the promise of linking local actors with national and international ones, thereby contributing to a highly participatory, Habermasian ideal in which ...the formerly marginalized would find greater participation and expression. Yet the role of international agents in community-based resource management projects has recently come under scrutiny. In addressing these issues in this article, I consider the roles of different interlocutors in two contrastive phases in an Amazonian community's movement to preserve its endangered fisheries. The comparative exercise demonstrates how institutional agents, by establishing a discourse that structures the criteria through which collective demands may be problematized, may inadvertently shift from mediation to domination, and from local partnering to local production.
Taking the Northwest Amazon of Brazil as its example, this article argues for the analytic concept of a "speech culture," combining, but heuristically separating, speech practice and language ...ideology. In the Northwest Amazon, an ideology of language establishes an equivalence between linguistic performance and descent group belonging. In contrast to the fixed, normative notions of groupness, this article explores the dynamic construction of social relations through women's ritualized wept greeting speech. In these interactions, linguistic differentiation is countered by the experience of a single speech act based upon shared principles with organized participation in and by different linguistic codes. Through the collaborative nature of the speech act a common ground is produced and revealed. The community in this sense emerges as a cultural artifact whose production is largely the work of women. Through these speech interactions--of similar sentiments and meanings across different linguistic codes--women of the Northwest Amazon construct a community of talk.
Humid tropical forests play a dominant role in the functioning of Earth but are under increasing threat from changes in land use and climate. How forest vulnerability varies across space and time and ...what level of stress forests can tolerate before facing a tipping point are poorly understood. Here, we develop a tropical forest vulnerability index (TFVI) to detect and evaluate the vulnerability of global tropical forests to threats across space and time. We show that climate change together with land-use change have slowed the recovery rate of forest carbon cycling. Temporal autocorrelation, as an indicator of this slow recovery, increases substantially for above-ground biomass, gross primary production, and evapotranspiration when climate stress reaches a critical level. Forests in the Americas exhibit extensive vulnerability to these stressors, while in Africa, forests show relative resilience to climate, and in Asia reveal more vulnerability to land use and fragmentation. TFVI can systematically track the response of tropical forests to multiple stressors and provide early-warning signals for regions undergoing critical transitions.
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•An index to track vulnerability of global rainforests to climate and land use•Four decades of satellite data show widespread vulnerability across the tropics•Response of rainforests to heat and drying varies across the continents•Early warning from the index can identify regions for conservation and restoration
Rainforests are being lost at an alarming rate due to deforestation and degradation. As these forests lose their intactness and diversity, their resilience to climate change declines and they become more vulnerable to droughts and wildfires. Here, we built a spatially explicit tropical forest vulnerability index (TFVI) based on observations of forest cover, carbon, and water fluxes to identify areas where rainforests are losing resilience to disturbance and are changing toward an irreversible state, a “tipping point.” Our findings show how and where tipping points may occur, either as a gradual downhill decline of ecosystem services or an abrupt change. We present TFVI as an index to monitor tropical forests and provide early-warning signals for regions that are in need of policies that simultaneously promote conservation and restoration to increase resilience and climate mitigation.
Rainforests take hundreds of years to be formed into a diverse and complex structure that is lush but fragile. The reason for their fragility is the difficulty to recover from disturbance. Using satellite observations, we show how increasing threats from large-scale deforestation and severe climate conditions over the past four decades have substantially impacted the ecological functions of these forests regionally, pushing them toward a critical point of no recovery and a dryer and less diverse state.
Captives were found in societies of all social levels throughout much of history and prehistory. They were frequently women, and they could be potent agents of culture change. In some societies they ...entered a highly stigmatized slave class, while in others they might be fully incorporated into the society of their captors. Regardless of their social position, captives played an important role in the transmission of cultural practices and ultimately in culture change, but few studies have explored the role of captives in culture change, especially in nonstate societies. I begin that process, using ethnohistoric, historic, ethnographic, archaeological, and other data. I document the prevalence and antiquity of captive-taking around the world, its gender selectivity, and the rights of social personhood that captives were accorded in captor societies and assess factors that affected captives' ability to effect culture change. The focus is especially on craft activities, because captive influence is likely to be most evident to archaeologists in the production of craft goods. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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