We investigate the effects of prehydrodynamic evolution on final-state observables in heavy-ion collisions using state-of-the art event simulations coupled to different prehydrodynamic scenarios, ...which include the recently developed effective kinetic transport theory evolution model KøMPøST. Differential flow observables are found to be mostly insensitive to the details of prehydrodynamic evolution. The main effect we observe is in the pT spectra, particularly the mean transverse momentum. However, at least part of this effect is a consequence of the underlying conformal invariance assumption currently present in such approaches, which is known to be violated in the temperature regime probed in heavy-ion collisions. This assumption of early time conformal invariance leads to an artificially large out-of-equilibrium bulk pressure when switching from (conformal) prehydrodynamic evolution to hydrodynamics (using the nonconformal QCD equation of state), which in turn increases the transverse momentum. Our study indicates that a consistent treatment of prehydrodynamic evolution in heavy-ion collisions requires the use of nonconformal models of early time dynamics.
Abstract
Results from a pilot, 6-week, randomized, open-label, rater-blinded study, with 46-week extension, indicate very good tolerability with exceptional, clinically important, increasing efficacy ...of evenamide (7.5, 15, and 30 mg bid), a glutamate modulator, as add-on treatment to antipsychotics in 161 treatment-resistant, schizophrenia patients. Ninety-five percent of patients completed 6 weeks (1 discontinued for adverse event), and 89% continued in the extension. Results from the first 100 patients enrolled showed very low attrition over 1 year (77 completers); data pooled from all dose groups showed the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score improved significantly (P < .001; paired t test; last observation carried forward LOCF) from baseline at 6 weeks (−9.4), 6 months (−12.7), and 1 year (−14.7); similarly, the proportion of responders (≥20% improvement) increased over time from 6 weeks (16.5%) to 6 months (39%) to 1 year (47.4%). Noteworthy improvement was also observed at each timepoint on the Clinical Global Impression - Severity scale and Clinical Global Impression of Change, indicating progressively increasing efficacy of evenamide up to 1 year.
A
bstract
The
p
T
-differential production cross sections of prompt and non-prompt (produced in beauty-hadron decays) D mesons were measured by the ALICE experiment at midrapidity (
|
y
|
<
0
.
5) in ...proton-proton collisions at
s
= 5
.
02 TeV. The data sample used in the analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of (19
.
3
±
0
.
4) nb
−
1
. D mesons were reconstructed from their decays D
0
→
K
−
π
+
, D
+
→
K
−
π
+
π
+
, and
D
s
+
→
ϕ
π
+
→
K
−
K
+
π
+
and their charge conjugates. Compared to previous measurements in the same rapidity region, the cross sections of prompt D
+
and
D
s
+
mesons have an extended
p
T
coverage and total uncertainties reduced by a factor ranging from 1.05 to 1.6, depending on
p
T
, allowing for a more precise determination of their
p
T
-integrated cross sections. The results are well described by perturbative QCD calculations. The fragmentation fraction of heavy quarks to strange mesons divided by the one to non-strange mesons,
f
s
/
(
f
u
+
f
d
), is compatible for charm and beauty quarks and with previous measurements at different centre-of-mass energies and collision systems. The
b
b
¯
production cross section per rapidity unit at midrapidity, estimated from non-prompt D-meson measurements, is
d
σ
b
b
¯
/
d
y
y
<
0.5
=
34.5
±
2.4
stat
−
2.9
+
4.7
tot
.
syst
μb. It is compatible with previous measurements at the same centre-of-mass energy and with the cross section pre- dicted by perturbative QCD calculations.
The main objective of the ALICE experiment is to study the properties and the evolution of the high-energy density system created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. For that purpose, ...ALICE has unique particle identification capabilities that enable the detection of weakly-decaying particles in the high-multiplicity environment created in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions. In this work, we discuss the systematic measurements of strange and multi-strange hadrons performed by ALICE for proton-proton (pp), proton-lead (p-Pb) and Pb-Pb collisions. Production rates measured for p-Pb and Pb-Pb are compared to predictions from statistical hadronization models and to measurements performed in pp collisions. These data are also used for a brief discussion on strangeness enhancement.
The determination of the primary energy of extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique requires an estimation of the energy carried away by particles that do not deposit all ...their energy in the atmosphere. This estimation is typically made using Monte Carlo simulations and thus depends on the assumed primary particle mass and on model predictions for neutrino and muon production. In this work we present a new method to obtain the invisible energy from events detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The method uses measurements of the muon number at ground level, and it allows us to significantly reduce the systematic uncertainties related to the mass composition and the high energy hadronic interaction models, and consequently to improve the estimation of the energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
The research investigated the production of Biohythane in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process treating food waste as substrate. Preliminary batch assays were carried out at initial organic ...loadings of 15, 20, 25 and 30 kg TVS m−3, in stirred 1.5-l reactors at 55 °C. The results showed all hydrogen was produced within the first 24 h after feeding and the highest load tested gave the maximum hydrogen production (0.047 m3 H2 kg−1VS, H2 30%). Similar loadings were then tested in a two-phase system. Hydraulic retention times of 3 and 12 days were applied to the first and second reactor respectively. In order to keep the pH at ∼5.5, either supernatant or whole digestate from the methanogenic reactor was recirculated to the first phase. Results showed that hydrogen was produced (0.117 Nm3 kg−1 VS, 47.7%) when recirculating whole digestate with an organic loading rate of 20 kg TVS m−3 day−1.
► Semi-Continuous Two-Phase process to maximize energy recovery. ► Feasibility of concurrent H2 and CH4 production. ► In batch test H2 was produced within the first 24 h after feeding. ► Methanogenic sludge recirculation acts as pH controller in the H2 reactor.
The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the ...surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30-80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy-corrected for geometrical effects-is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.
The multiplicity dependence of the pseudorapidity density of charged particles in proton–proton (pp) collisions at centre-of-mass energies
s
=
5.02
, 7 and 13 TeV measured by ALICE is reported. The ...analysis relies on track segments measured in the midrapidity range (
|
η
|
<
1.5
). Results are presented for inelastic events having at least one charged particle produced in the pseudorapidity interval
|
η
|
<
1
. The multiplicity dependence of the pseudorapidity density of charged particles is measured with mid- and forward rapidity multiplicity estimators, the latter being less affected by autocorrelations. A detailed comparison with predictions from the PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC event generators is also presented. The results can be used to constrain models for particle production as a function of multiplicity in pp collisions.
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