•The results significantly predict the life stresses that influenced university students’ mobile phone addiction.•Social self-efficacy can be considered a cognitive mechanism.•Social self-efficacy ...that mediates the relationships between academic stress and mobile phone addiction.•Social self-efficacy mediates the relationships between interpersonal relationship stress and mobile phone addiction.
Although numerous studies have examined factors that influence smartphone addiction, few have analyzed the potential protective factors inherent in individuals that may benefit future intervention programs for smartphone addiction. Thus, this study established a model for analyzing the mediating effect that learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy have on the relationship between university students’ perceived life stress and smartphone addiction. Sampling 387 Taiwanese university students, we distributed scales surveying for university students’ life stress, learning self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and smartphone addiction. Data retrieved from the scales were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The SEM path analysis yielded the following results: (1) Academic stress had negative predictive power for social and learning self-efficacies, and interpersonal relationship stress had negative predictive power for social self-efficacy. (2) Social self-efficacy had positive predictive power for smartphone addiction. (3) Family and emotional stresses had positive predictive power for smartphone addiction. Generally, the results of this study could be used to significantly predict the life stresses that influenced university students’ smartphone addiction. In addition, social self-efficacy can be considered a cognitive mechanism that mediates the relationships between academic stress and smartphone addiction and between interpersonal relationship stress and smartphone addiction. Finally, we discussed the research results and offered relevant suggestions for schools, university students, and future studies.
ABSTRACT
We present a statistical weak-lensing magnification analysis on an optically selected sample of 3029 CAMIRA (Cluster finding Algorithm based on Multiband Identification of Red-sequence ...gAlaxies) galaxy clusters with richness N > 15 at redshift 0.2 ≤ z < 1.1 in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. We use two distinct populations of colour-selected, flux-limited background galaxies, namely the low-z and high-z samples at mean redshifts of ≈1.1 and ≈1.4, respectively, from which to measure the weak-lensing magnification signal by accounting for cluster contamination as well as masking effects. Our magnification bias measurements are found to be uncontaminated according to validation tests against the ‘null-test’ samples for which the net magnification bias is expected to vanish. The magnification bias for the full CAMIRA sample is detected at a significance level of 9.51σ, which is dominated by the high-z background. We forward-model the observed magnification data to constrain the normalization of the richness-to-mass (N–M) relation for the CAMIRA sample with informative priors on other parameters. The resulting scaling relation is N∝ (M500)0.92 ± 0.13(1 + z)−0.48 ± 0.69, with a characteristic richness of N = 17.72 ± 2.60 and intrinsic lognormal scatter of 0.15 ± 0.07 at M500 = 1014 h−1 M⊙. With the derived N–M relation, we provide magnification-calibrated mass estimates of individual CAMIRA clusters, with the typical uncertainty of ≈39 and ≈32 per cent at richness of ≈20 and ≈40, respectively. We further compare our magnification-inferred N–M relation with those from the shear-based results in the literature, finding good agreement.
The radial acceleration relation (RAR) in galaxies describes a tight empirical scaling law between the total acceleration observed in galaxies and that expected from their baryonic mass , with a ...characteristic acceleration scale of m s−2. Here, we examine if such a correlation exists in galaxy clusters using weak-lensing, strong-lensing, and X-ray data sets available for 20 high-mass clusters targeted by the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). By combining our CLASH data with stellar mass estimates for the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and accounting for the stellar baryonic component in clusters, we determine, for the first time, an RAR on BCG-cluster scales. The resulting RAR is well described by a tight power-law relation, , with lognormal intrinsic scatter of . The slope is consistent with the low acceleration limit of the RAR in galaxies, , whereas the intercept implies a much higher acceleration scale of m s−2, indicating that there is no universal RAR that holds on all scales from galaxies to clusters. We find that the observed RAR in CLASH clusters is consistent with predictions from a semianalytical model developed in the standard ΛCDM framework. Our results also predict the presence of a baryonic Faber-Jackson relation ( ) on cluster scales.
Understanding the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology may be critical for health policies and public health responses. Recent studies have shown that microplastics (MPs) ...contaminate our food chain and accumulate in the gut, liver, kidney, muscle, and so on. Humans manufacture many plastics-related products. Previous studies have indicated that particles of these products have several effects on the gut and liver. Polystyrene (PS)-MPs (PS-MPs) induce several responses, such as oxidative stress, and affect living organisms.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PS-MPs in kidney cells
and
.
PS-MPs were evaluated in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) and male C57BL/6 mice. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and autophagy were analyzed in kidney cells.
, we evaluated biomarkers of kidney function, kidney ultrastructure, muscle mass, and grip strength, and urine protein levels, as well as the accumulation of PS-MPs in the kidney tissue.
Uptake of PS-MPs at different concentrations by HK-2 cells resulted in higher levels of mitochondrial ROS and the mitochondrial protein Bad. Cells exposed to PS-MPs had higher ER stress and markers of inflammation. MitoTEMPO, which is a mitochondrial ROS antioxidant, mitigated the higher levels of mitochondrial ROS, Bad, ER stress, and specific autophagy-related proteins seen with PS-MP exposure. Furthermore, cells exposed to PS-MPs had higher protein levels of LC3 and Beclin 1. PS-MPs also had changes in phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (AKT)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mTOR) signaling pathways. In an
study, PS-MPs accumulated and the treated mice had more histopathological lesions in the kidneys and higher levels of ER stress, inflammatory markers, and autophagy-related proteins in the kidneys after PS-MPs treatment by oral gavage.
The results suggest that PS-MPs caused mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, inflammation, and autophagy in kidney cells and accumulated in HK-2 cells and in the kidneys of mice. These results suggest that long-term PS-MPs exposure may be a risk factor for kidney health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7612.
Plastic products are inexpensive, convenient, and are have many applications in daily life. We overuse plastic-related products and ineffectively recycle plastic that is difficult to degrade. Plastic ...debris can be fragmented into smaller pieces by many physical and chemical processes. Plastic debris that is fragmented into microplastics or nanoplastics has unclear effects on organismal systems. Recently, this debris was shown to affect biota and to be gradually spreading through the food chain. In addition, studies have indicated that workers in plastic-related industries develop many kinds of cancer because of chronic exposure to high levels of airborne microplastics. Microplastics and nanoplastics are everywhere now, contaminating our water, air, and food chain. In this review, we introduce a classification of plastic polymers, define microplastics and nanoplastics, identify plastics that contaminate food, describe the damage and diseases caused by microplastics and nanoplastics, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this damage and disease as well as solutions for their amelioration. Thus, we expect to contribute to the understanding of the effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on cellular and molecular mechanisms and the ways that the uptake of microplastics and nanoplastics are potentially dangerous to our biota. After understanding the issues, we can focus on how to handle the problems caused by plastic overuse.
We perform a three-dimensional triaxial analysis of 16 X-ray regular and 4 high-magnification galaxy clusters selected from the CLASH survey by combining two-dimensional weak-lensing and central ...strong-lensing constraints. In a Bayesian framework, we constrain the intrinsic structure and geometry of each individual cluster assuming a triaxial Navarro-Frenk-White halo with arbitrary orientations, characterized by the mass , halo concentration , and triaxial axis ratios ( ), and investigate scaling relations between these halo structural parameters. From triaxial modeling of the X-ray-selected subsample, we find that the halo concentration decreases with increasing cluster mass, with a mean concentration of at the pivot mass . This is consistent with the result from spherical modeling, . Independently of the priors, the minor-to-major axis ratio of our full sample exhibits a clear deviation from the spherical configuration ( at with uniform priors), with a weak dependence on the cluster mass. Combining all 20 clusters, we obtain a joint ensemble constraint on the minor-to-major axis ratio of and a lower bound on the intermediate-to-major axis ratio of at the 2 level from an analysis with uniform priors. Assuming priors on the axis ratios derived from numerical simulations, we constrain the degree of triaxiality for the full sample to be at , indicating a preference for a prolate geometry of cluster halos. We find no statistical evidence for an orientation bias ( ), which is insensitive to the priors and in agreement with the theoretical expectation for the CLASH clusters.
ABSTRACT
We present the first cosmological study of a sample of eROSITA clusters, which were identified in the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS). In a joint selection on X-ray and optical ...observables, the sample contains 455 clusters within a redshift range of 0.1 < z < 1.2, of which 177 systems are covered by the public data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey that enables uniform weak-lensing cluster mass constraints. With minimal assumptions, at each cluster redshift we empirically model (1) the scaling relations between the cluster halo mass and the observables, which include the X-ray count rate, the optical richness, and the weak-lensing mass, and (2) the X-ray selection in terms of the completeness function $\mathcal {C}$. Using the richness distribution of the clusters, we directly measure the X-ray completeness and adopt those measurements as informative priors for the parameters of $\mathcal {C}$. In a blinded analysis, we obtain the cosmological constraints $\Omega _{\mathrm{m}}= 0.245^{+0.048}_{-0.058}$, $\sigma _{8}= 0.833^{+0.075}_{-0.063}$, and $S_{8}\equiv \sigma _{8}\left(\Omega _{\mathrm{m}}/0.3\right)^{0.3}= 0.791^{+0.028}_{-0.031}$ in a flat ΛCDM cosmology. Extending to a flat wCDM cosmology leads to the constraint on the equation of state parameter of the dark energy of w = −1.25 ± 0.47. The eFEDS constraints are in good agreement with the results from the Planck mission, the galaxy–galaxy lensing and clustering analysis of the Dark Energy Survey, and the cluster abundance analysis of the SPT-SZ survey at a level of ≲ 1σ. With the empirical modelling, this work presents the first fully self-consistent cosmological constraints based on a synergy between wide-field X-ray and weak lensing surveys.
Abstract
We report the result of a non‐destructive elemental analysis of lunar meteorites using a negative muon beam at J‐PARC. An experimental system of six Ge semiconductor detectors and a newly ...designed He analysis chamber (to enable quantitative analysis of Al) was used to provide a high signal‐to‐noise ratio for the detection of major elements from lunar rocks (Mg, Si, Fe, O, Ca, and Al). We performed a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the chemical compositions at two sides and the center of a sample (at depths of 0.33 and 0.96 mm below the sample surface, respectively) of the lunar meteorite DEW 12007. These results indicate that the three interior regions of DEW 12007 are likely to be 55.8:44.2, 51.4:48.6, and 54.4:45.6 wt% mixtures of anorthositic and basaltic clasts, respectively. This study is the first quantitative analysis of a heterogeneous meteorite interior using a negative muon beam. As elemental analysis using a muon beam is non‐destructive and highly sensitive to light elements, including C, N, and O, the protocols established in this study are applicable to initial characterization of returned samples from the South Pole of the Moon.
The ΛCDM model of structure formation makes strong predictions on the concentration and shape of dark matter (DM) halos, which are determined by mass accretion processes. Comparison between predicted ...shapes and observations provides a geometric test of the ΛCDM model. Accurate and precise measurements needs a full three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the cluster mass distribution. We accomplish this with a multi-probe 3D analysis of the X-ray regular Cluster Lensing and Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) clusters combining strong and weak lensing, X-ray photometry and spectroscopy, and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZe). The cluster shapes and concentrations are consistent with ΛCDM predictions. The CLASH clusters are randomly oriented, as expected given the sample selection criteria. Shapes agree with numerical results for DM-only halos, which hints at baryonic physics being less effective in making halos rounder.
► The hypothesis model of this research is significantly related. ► The result support the daily calls and daily sent text messages as indicators for usage behavior. ► There is no relationship ...between social extroversion and mobile phone behavior.
While many researches have analyzed the psychological antecedents of mobile phone addiction and mobile phone usage behavior, their relationship with psychological characteristics remains mixed. We investigated the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones for 269 Taiwanese female university students who were administered Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale, Lai’s personality inventory, and a mobile phone usage questionnaire and mobile phone addiction scale. The result showing that: (1) social extraversion and anxiety have positive effects on mobile phone addiction, and self-esteem has negative effects on mobile phone addiction. (2) Mobile phone addiction has a positive predictive effect on mobile phone usage behavior. The results of this study identify personal psychological characteristics of Taiwanese female university students which can significantly predict mobile phone addiction; female university students with mobile phone addiction will make more phone calls and send more text messages. These results are discussed and suggestions for future research for school and university students are provided.
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