The proliferation of computerized functions aimed at enhancing drivers' safety and convenience has increased the number of vehicular attack surfaces accordingly. The fundamental vulnerability is ...caused by the fact that the controller area network protocol, a de facto standard for in-vehicle networks, does not support message origin authentication. Several methods to resolve this problem have been suggested. However, most of them require modification of the CAN protocol and have their own vulnerabilities. In this paper, we focus on securing in-vehicle CAN networks, proposing a novel automotive intrusion detection system (so-called VoltageIDS). The system leverages the inimitable characteristics of an electrical CAN signal as a fingerprint of the electronic control units. The noteworthy contributions are that VoltageIDS does not require any modification of the current system and has been validated on actual vehicles while driving on the road. VoltageIDS is also the first automotive intrusion detection system capable of distinguishing between errors and the bus-off attack. Our experimental results on a CAN bus prototype and on real vehicles show that VoltageIDS detects intrusions in the in-vehicle CAN network. Moreover, we evaluate VoltageIDS while a vehicle is moving.
This paper addresses the issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) charging cables, which can disrupt the communication signal for the real-time ...monitoring of the charging status, leading to the termination of charging. We propose a dedicated measurement jig for the Combined Charging System Combo Type 1 (CCS-CT1) cable structure and models its electrical characteristics of the jig using the impedance peeling technique for de-embedding. The obtained pure S-parameters of CCS-CT1 are then used to conduct a simulation of the signal integrity problem caused by Gaussian noise, which is the worst-case scenario that can occur in a typical charging system. This paper suggests that the root cause of this problem may be related to the high-power AC/DC conversion device included in the EVSE, which uses a switch-mode power conversion (SMPC) method that involves nonlinear operation and can result in increased harmonic noise and a more complex signal protocol for precise control. Finally, this study provides insights into the challenges of implementing high-speed charging systems and offers a solution for obtaining the accurate electromagnetic characteristics of charging cables.
Thiopurine therapy, commonly used in autoimmune conditions, can be complicated by life-threatening leukopenia. This leukopenia is associated with genetic variation in TPMT (encoding thiopurine ...S-methyltransferase). Despite a lower frequency of TPMT mutations in Asians, the incidence of thiopurine-induced leukopenia is higher in Asians than in individuals of European descent. Here we performed an Immunochip-based 2-stage association study in 978 Korean subjects with Crohn's disease treated with thiopurines. We identified a nonsynonymous SNP in NUDT15 (encoding p.Arg139Cys) that was strongly associated with thiopurine-induced early leukopenia (odds ratio (OR) = 35.6; P(combined) = 4.88 × 10(-94)). In Koreans, this variant demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 89.4% and 93.2%, respectively, for thiopurine-induced early leukopenia (in comparison to 12.1% and 97.6% for TPMT variants). Although rare, this SNP was also strongly associated with thiopurine-induced leukopenia in subjects with inflammatory bowel disease of European descent (OR = 9.50; P = 4.64 × 10(-4)). Thus, NUDT15 is a pharmacogenetic determinant for thiopurine-induced leukopenia in diverse populations.
Wearable sensors enable the monitoring of an individual's sweat composition in real time. In this work, we recorded real-time sweat chloride concentration for 12 healthy subjects in three different ...protocols involving step changes in exercise load and compared the results to laboratory-based analysis. The sensor results reflected the changes in exercise load in real time. On increasing the exercise load from 100 W to 200 W the sweat chloride concentration increased from 12.0 ± 5.9 to 31.4 ± 16 mM (mean ± SD). On decreasing the load from 200 W to 100 W, the sweat chloride concentration decreased from 27.7 ± 10.5 to 14.8 ± 8.1 mM. The half-time associated with the change in sweat chloride, defined as the time at which the concentration reached half of the overall change, was about 6 minutes. While the changes in sweat chloride were statistically significant, there was no correlation with changes in sweat rate or other physiological parameters, which we attribute to intra-individual variation (SD = 1.6-8.1 mM). The response to exercise-induced sweating was significantly different to chemically-induced sweating where the sweat chloride concentration was almost independent of sweat rate. We speculate that this difference is related to changes in the open probability of the CFTR channel during exercise, resulting in a decrease in reabsorption efficiency at higher sweat rates.
Display omitted
•We have developed a wearable potentiometric chloride sweat sensor with integrated salt bridge to minimize equilibration.•We show an accuracy of about 5mM over the range from ...10–150mM.•On-body tests show that sweat chloride concentration is dependent on exercise load.
The development of wearable sensors to measure biomarkers in sweat remains a major technological challenge. Here we report on a wearable, potentiometric, thin film sweat chloride sensor. Potentiometric devices provide a relatively simple technology for sweat sensing, however, equilibration between the reference and test solutions is a significant source of error. We have developed a sweat chloride sensor with integrated salt bridge that minimizes equilibration and enables stable measurements over extended periods of time. The sensor shows a very small concentration drift even with small sample volumes. The measurement variation was less than 2mM at low chloride ion concentration (10mM) and 5mM at high concentration (150mM), spanning the range for healthy individuals and CF patients. Finally, in on-body tests we show that the sweat chloride concentration in healthy individuals is dependent on exercise intensity, indicating that the sensor has a potential for a fitness monitoring applications.
Cattle are less active than humans. Hence, it was hypothesized in this study that transmitting acceleration signals at a 1 min sampling interval to reduce storage load has the potential to improve ...the performance of motion sensors without affecting the precision of behavior classification. The behavior classification performance in terms of precision, sensitivity, and the F1-score of the 1 min serial datasets segmented in 3, 4, and 5 min window sizes based on nine algorithms were determined. The collar-fitted triaxial accelerometer sensor was attached on the right side of the neck of the two fattening Korean steers (age: 20 months) and the steers were observed for 6 h on day one, 10 h on day two, and 7 h on day three. The acceleration signals and visual observations were time synchronized and analyzed based on the objectives. The resting behavior was most correctly classified using the combination of a 4 min window size and the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm which resulted in 89% high precision, 81% high sensitivity, and 85% high F1-score. High classification performance (79% precision, 88% sensitivity, and 83% F1-score) was also obtained in classifying the eating behavior using the same classification method (4 min window size and an LSTM algorithm). The most poorly classified behavior was the active behavior. This study showed that the collar-fitted triaxial sensor measuring 1 min serial signals could be used as a tool for detecting the resting and eating behaviors of cattle in high precision by segmenting the acceleration signals in a 4 min window size and by using the LSTM classification algorithm.
Although chromoendoscopy is currently the recommended mode of surveillance in patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis, it is technically challenging and requires a long procedure time. The aim ...of this study was to compare the dysplasia detection rate of high-definition white light endoscopy with random biopsy (HDWL-R) vs high-definition chromoendoscopy with targeted biopsy (HDCE-T).
This was a multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial involving 9 tertiary teaching hospitals in South Korea. A total of 210 patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis were randomized to undergo either the HDWL-R group (n = 102) or HDCE-T group (n = 108). The detection rates of colitis-associated dysplasia (CAD) or all colorectal neoplasia from each trial arm were compared.
There was no significant difference in the CAD detection rate between HDCE-T and HDWL-R groups (4/102, 3.9% vs 6/108, 5.6%, P = 0.749). However, HDCE-T showed a trend toward improved colorectal neoplasia detection compared with HDWL-R (21/102, 20.6% vs 13/108, 12.0%, P = 0.093). The median (range) time for colonoscopy withdrawal between the 2 groups was similar (17.6 7.0-43.3 minutes vs 16.5 6.3-38.1 minutes; P=0.212; for HDWL-R and HDCE-T, respectively). The total number of biopsies was significantly larger in the HDWL-R group (34 12-72) compared with the HDCE-T group (9 1-20; P < 0.001).
On the basis of our prospective randomized controlled trial, HDCE-T was not superior to HDWL-R for detecting CADs.
Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of death by fungal meningoencephalitis; however, treatment options remain limited. Here we report the construction of 264 signature-tagged gene-deletion ...strains for 129 putative kinases, and examine their phenotypic traits under 30 distinct in vitro growth conditions and in two different hosts (insect larvae and mice). Clustering analysis of in vitro phenotypic traits indicates that several of these kinases have roles in known signalling pathways, and identifies hitherto uncharacterized signalling cascades. Virulence assays in the insect and mouse models provide evidence of pathogenicity-related roles for 63 kinases involved in the following biological categories: growth and cell cycle, nutrient metabolism, stress response and adaptation, cell signalling, cell polarity and morphology, vacuole trafficking, transfer RNA (tRNA) modification and other functions. Our study provides insights into the pathobiological signalling circuitry of C. neoformans and identifies potential anticryptococcal or antifungal drug targets.
A phenothiazine-based colorimetric and fluorescent probe (3) for Hg2+ and Cu2+ was designed and synthesized. Probe 3 showed high selectivity and sensitivity toward Hg2+ and Cu2+ over other metal ...ions. This probe works as a chemodosimeter based on the Kucherov reaction for the selective detection of Hg2+. Copper recognition is based on soft–soft metal interactions with the –S and –N atoms of the probe 3. Probe 3 exhibited a red-shift in the absorption spectra from 449 to 606 nm for Hg2+ and at 612 nm for Cu2+ that is accompanied by significant color changes from orange to dark blue and blackish-blue. Probe 3 could be used as a solid state (test paper, TLC plates) optical sensor for the selective detection of Hg2+ and Cu2+. The binding process was confirmed by UV–vis absorption, fluorescence measurements, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy.
A phenothiazine-based fluorescent probe was designed and synthesized for selective detection of Hg2+ (via Kucherov reaction) and Cu2+ (via soft–soft metal interactions). Probe could be employed as an optical solid sensor for Hg2+ and Cu2+ with significant color changes. Display omitted
•A phenothiazine–pyrimidine conjugate was designed for the dual detection of Hg2+/Cu2+.•Probe works as a colorimetric and naked-eye sensor for Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions.•The detection limits of the probe for Hg2+ and Cu2+ were found to be 80 × 10−9 and 97 × 10−9 mol L−1.•Probe has the potential for use as an optical solid sensor.
As the use of meta-models to replace computationally-intensive simulations for estimating real system behaviors increases, there is an increasing need to select appropriate meta-models that well ...represent real system behaviors. Since in most cases designers do not know the behavior of the real system a priori, however, they often have trouble selecting a suitable meta-model. In order to provide robust prediction performance, ensembles of meta-models have been developed which linearly combines stand-alone meta-models. In this study, we propose a new pointwise ensemble of meta-models whose weights vary according to the prediction point of interest. The suggested method can include all kinds of stand-alone meta-models for ensemble construction, and can interpolate real system response values at training points, even if regression models are included as stand-alone meta-models. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, its prediction performance is compared with those of existing ensembles of meta-models using well-known mathematical functions. The results show that our pointwise ensemble of meta-models provides more robust and accurate predictions than existing models for a majority of test problems.
PDF
